The relationship between impact speed and the probability of pedestrian fatality during a vehicle-pedestrian crash: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Hussain, Qinaat; Feng, Hanqin; Grzebieta, Raphael; Brijs, Tom; Olivier, Jake

doi:10.1016/j.aap.2019.05.033

Cited by 89 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Pedestrians struck by a motor vehicle travelling at 50 km/h are 8 times more likely to die, compared with pedestrians struck by vehicles traveling at 30 km/h [25]. A systematic review on the relationship between impact speed and the probability of pedestrian fatality during a vehicle-pedestrian crash found that on average, when the estimated impact speed increases by 1 km/h, the odds of a pedestrian fatality increases by 11% [26]. In the UK, a 20-year time-series study showed that 20 mph (32 km/h) zones were associated with a 42% reduction in road casualties [20].…”

Section: Crash Risk Reduction and Injury Severitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Globally, studies in South Africa, New Zealand, Europe, and North America have shown that average vehicle speeds are reduced by 8-40% after speed limits are lowered from 60 km/h to 50 km/h [7]. A meta-analysis of impact speed and pedestrian fatality risk supports setting speed limits of 30-40 km/h for high pedestrian activity areas as the risk of a fatality reaches 5% at an estimated impact speed of 30 km/h [8]. Although many studies report a reduction in severe PMVC injuries and crash risk after lowering speed limits, speed limit reductions have not been well studied using controlled quasi experimental designs [5,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of reducing the posted speed limit to 30 km per hour on pedestrian motor vehicle collisions in Toronto, Canada - a quasi experimental, pre-post study

et al. 2020

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Background: Pedestrian related deaths have recently been on the rise in Canada. The effect of changing posted speeds on the frequency and severity of pedestrian motor vehicle collisions (PMVC) is not well studied using controlled quasi-experimental designs. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of lowering speed limits from 40 km/h to 30 km/h on PMVC on local roads in Toronto, Canada. Methods: A 30 km/h speed limit on local roads in Toronto was implemented between January 2015 and December 2016. Streets that remained at a 40 km/h speed limit throughout the study period were selected as comparators. A quasi-experimental, pre-post study with a comparator group was used to evaluate the effect of the intervention on PMVC rates before and after the speed limit change using repeated measures Poisson regression. PMVC data were obtained from police reports for a minimum of two years pre-and post-intervention (2013 to 2018). Results: Speed limit reductions from 40 km/h to 30 km/h were associated with a 28% decrease in the PMVC incidence rate in the City of Toronto (IRR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.58-0.89). A non-significant 7% decrease in PMVC incidence rates were observed on comparator streets that remained at 40 km/h speed limits (IRR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.70-1.25). Speed limit reduction also influenced injury severity, with a significant 67% decrease in major and fatal injuries in the post intervention period on streets with speed limit reductions (IRR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.13-0.85) compared with a 31% not statistically significant decrease in major and fatal injuries on comparator streets (IRR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.37-1.31). The interaction term for group and pre-post comparisons was not statistically significant (p = 0.14) indicating that there was no evidence to suggest a pre-post difference in IRRs between the intervention and comparator streets. Conclusions: Declines in the rate of PMVC were observed on roads with posted speed limit reductions from 40 km/h to 30 km/h, although this effect was not statistically greater than reductions on comparator streets.

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Section: Crash Risk Reduction and Injury Severitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of reducing the posted speed limit to 30 km per hour on pedestrian motor vehicle collisions in Toronto, Canada - a quasi experimental, pre-post study

et al. 2020

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“…In this regard, vehicle operating speed and its traffic safety implications are of critical importance, especially in urban areas, due to the high prevalence of walking and cycling. Therefore, local authorities are often concerned about drivers' compliance with posted speed limits since car impact speed has a significant effect on injury severity levels sustained by pedestrians and cyclists (Hussain et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies examined the effect of car impact speed on pedestrian fatality-injury risk (Anderson et al 1997;Davis 2001;Rosén and Sander 2009;Kong and Yang 2010;Tay et al 2011;Höskuldur 2015;Hussain et al 2019). Based on a comprehensive study, for example, Rosén and Sander (2009) provided a risk function to explain the relationship between car impact speed and adult pedestrian fatalities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is speeding more likely during weekend night hours? Evidence from sensor-collected data in Montréal

Heydari

Miranda-Moreno

2020

Can. J. Civ. Eng.

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A number of traffic safety studies have investigated temporal variations in road safety indicators such as crash frequency, confirming that such variations exist. This paper examined whether speeding is more likely on weekend nights relative to all other times of the day by directly comparing speeding during weekends and weekdays. To this end, we analyzed a sample of local streets, in Montréal, for which speed data were collected automatically using traffic analyzer sensors. We found that, interestingly, weekend speeding was less likely to occur during night hours, whereas it was more likely to occur during evening and midday hours. Among other findings, the results indicated that one-way streets and those having a speed limit of 50 km/h were slightly less prevalent in speeding on weekends. Our results can be useful in designing road safety interventions, including publicity campaigns and police enforcement, which aim at reducing speeding behaviours.

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Mitigating Risks in Pedestrian Pathways of Railway Station Districts: A Parma Case Analysis.

Marinelli,

Stabile,

Tedeschi

et al. 2024

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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The relationship between impact speed and the probability of pedestrian fatality during a vehicle-pedestrian crash: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 89 publications

References 71 publications

Effect of reducing the posted speed limit to 30 km per hour on pedestrian motor vehicle collisions in Toronto, Canada - a quasi experimental, pre-post study

Effect of reducing the posted speed limit to 30 km per hour on pedestrian motor vehicle collisions in Toronto, Canada - a quasi experimental, pre-post study

Is speeding more likely during weekend night hours? Evidence from sensor-collected data in Montréal

Mitigating Risks in Pedestrian Pathways of Railway Station Districts: A Parma Case Analysis.

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