Prediction of Gasoline Storage Stability

Schwartz, F. G.; Allbright, C. S.; Ward, C.C.

doi:10.4271/690760

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…In the 1960s, elemental analysis of gums always showed the presence of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. There was a high degree of concentration of sulfur and nitrogen compounds evidenced in the gums, especially in the earlier stages of the gum formation . According to Ackermann, elemental analysis of the gums proved that sulfur accumulated in the gum had a concentration 6 times higher than the original ratio on gasoline.…”

Section: Gum Formation Into Fuel Stability Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Schwartz et al showed that gums are highly aromatic compounds, with a molecular weight range from 200 to 500 Da. On the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies and infrared (IR) spectra, it was observed that the aromatic constituents of the gum were highly substituted.…”

Section: Gum Formation Into Fuel Stability Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Schwartz et al studied, in the early 1970s, the reactivity of certain sulfur compounds and hydrocarbons to form gum. Their work showed that thiols were the most reactive sulfur compounds (Figure ).…”

Section: Parameters That Influence Gum Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dependency of gum formation with the oxygen concentration is commonly used in accelerated aging methods, such as the induction period, washed gum, and potential residue method tests, and some methods to evaluate gum formation behavior of gasoline, − distillate fuel, and jet fuel. ,,, Moreover, Stavinoha et al presented a table to correlate accelerated test conditions with various temperatures and various oxygen concentrations for a given time of storage using two different mathematical relations.…”

Section: Parameters That Influence Gum Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gum Formation in Gasoline and Its Blends: A Review

Pradelle¹,

Braga²,

Martins³

et al. 2015

Energy Fuels

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Gasoline is a volatile mixture of hydrocarbons that is used in spark-ignition (SI) engines. It is a complex mixture composed of olefinic, paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons (C 4 −C 12 ), among other substances in a smaller concentration. In several countries, such as Brazil, ethanol is used pure as a renewable fuel for SI engines, especially in flex fuel engines, and/or an additive to improve the octane number of gasoline. During storage, some classes of hydrocarbons in gasoline blends, particularly olefins and diolefins, are able to slowly react, at ambient temperatures, with the oxygen in the air. The formed oxidation products are responsible for the formation of an insoluble solid, commonly called deposits or gums, which sticks to the metal surfaces along the vehicle-fuel system, from the tank to the combustion chamber. Accumulation of these products can cause engine wear and can have adverse effects on engine efficiency, performance, emission, and durability. Consequently, it is necessary to predict gasoline blend behavior and prevent gum formation, improving gasoline quality and using additives. Even if the number of publications dedicated to gum formation in gasoline blends is reduced, results available in the literature for other fuels can be applied to the gasoline issue. This review intends to define more precise fuel stability concepts and what is considered a gum. It also aims to present the oxidation mechanism involved in gum formation, determine the main parameters influencing gum deposition in gasoline blends, and describe the experimental tools available to measure gum content.

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Section: Gum Formation Into Fuel Stability Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gum Formation Into Fuel Stability Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parameters That Influence Gum Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parameters That Influence Gum Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gum Formation in Gasoline and Its Blends: A Review

Pradelle¹,

Braga²,

Martins³

et al. 2015

Energy Fuels

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“…Solids are desired in some cases but are definitely detrimental when formed in liquids which are used as fuels or lubricants. Certain fluids degrade in storage even at ambient temperatures (Nixon, 1962; Chiantella and Johnson, 1960; Schwartz et al, 1964;ASTM, 1958), but other high-quality materials such as commercial and military aircraft turbine fuels form little, if any, deposit under storage conditions. At elevated temperatures, however, these fuels form varnishes on aircraft heat exchanger surfaces and deposit solids in engine combustor nozzles (Nixon, 1962;Schirmer, 1970; Taylor, 1969;Taylor, 1974;Mayo et al, 1975).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactions of Aerated N-Dodecane Liquid Flowing over Heated Metal Tubes

Hazlett¹,

Hall²,

Matson³

1977

Product R&D

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Aerated n-dodecane as a liquid under 800-psig pressure has been passed over heated tubes at temperatures between 375 and 1000 °F (190-538 °C). The initial product, hydroperoxide, is stable to 550 °F (282 °C), but its decomposition at higher temperatures leads to alcohols, ketones, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, n-alkanes, and 1alkenes. Product yields increase only slightly between 725 and 900 °F (385-482 °C) since peroxide has completely disappeared at the lower temperature. Hydrocarbon pyrolysis reactions occur above 900 °F (482 °C) with greater yields for aerated n-dodecane than for oxygen-free liquid. Heater tubes fabricated from aluminum and two types of stainless steel, 304 and 316, yielded the same products and exhibited similar "temperature/ product concentration'' patterns.

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