Predation of Cyclopoid Copepods on Sunshine Bass Fry

Valderrama, Diego; Lochmann, Steve E.; Jackson, Maurice

doi:10.1577/1548-8454(2000)062<0144:poccos>2.0.co;2

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…9‐mm total length (TL)] farmers were introducing the tiny sunshine bass larvae (ca. 3‐mm TL) into ponds that no longer held sufficient concentrations of rotifers (Ludwig 1993) but may have contained copepods capable of eating the larvae (Valderrama, Lochmann & Jackson 2000). Survival of sunshine bass larvae depends upon the presence of high concentrations of rotifers, among the first zooplankton to appear after ponds are filled and fertilized (Parmley & Geiger 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tank culture of larval sunshine bass, Morone chrysops (Rafinesque)×M. saxatilis (Walbaum), at three feeding levels

Ludwig

2003

Aquaculture Research

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Sunshine bass, a hybrid of female white bass Morone chrysops (Ra¢nesque) and male striped bass M. saxatilis (Walbaum), ¢ngerling production occurs almost exclusively in ponds. To increase production and maintain year-round production in temperate climates, indoor tank culture is required. While tank production of ¢ngerlings has been demonstrated, little is known about feeding requirements. Sunshine bass larvae, stocked at 75 L À 1 in 100 L of brackish water, were fed sequentially with rotifers Brachionus plicatilis cultured with a Nannochloropis algae paste and enriched with highly unsaturated fatty acids, decapsulated Artemia nauplii, and a microencapsulated commercial diet. The larvae in one treatment (three replicates) were initially fed rotifers at a daily rate of 20 mL À 1 , then nauplii at an initial rate of 2 mL À 1 , and then the commercial diet at 1g. Larvae in two other treatments received two and three times as much food daily. The highest feeding rate resulted in a survival (52.9%) that was signi¢cantly higher than the survival rate (22.4%) of larvae fed the least. The total biomass produced was the highest in the treatment receiving the most food. The lowest feeding rate produced the least ¢sh, but they were the heaviest. The intermediate feeding rate produced the shortest ¢sh (11.3 mm).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tank culture of larval sunshine bass, Morone chrysops (Rafinesque)×M. saxatilis (Walbaum), at three feeding levels

Ludwig

2003

Aquaculture Research

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“…But, the much smaller sunshine bass larvae (ca. 3-mm total length) were being stocked into ponds that no longer held many rotifers (Ludwig 1993) and probably contained copepods that ate the larvae (Valderrama et al 2000). Ludwig (1993) found that highest sunshine bass survival rates are achieved when larvae are stocked just before the rotifers reach their peak numbers, 3 to 19 days after pond filling, depending upon temperature (Li et al 1996;Ludwig 2000).…”

Section: Fingerling Pond Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

Sunshine Bass Fingerling Culture

Ludwig¹

2006

International Journal of Recirculating Aquaculture

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Year-round production is a top priority of hybrid striped bass producers. Most Morone culturists produce sunshine bass (white bass Cf X striped bass d') that have very tiny fry and require rotifers as their first food. Almost 100 percent of the fingerlings are produced in ponds where high survival rates depend on fry being stocked at the right time -before rotifer concentrations peak and before copepods appear. Pond culture drawbacks include the inability to monitor growth and survival and seasonal limitations due to weather. Tank culture overcomes these problems and is necessary for year-round production. Little tank fingerling production has occurred because costs are higher than for pond culture. Supplying live food is a major expense. Sunshine bass larvae are stocked at 4 to 5 days post hatch (dph) and are fed enriched cultured rotifers. The rotifers require microalgae. Within a few days the fry are weaned to cultured Artemia nauplii. The culture of the larger palmetto bass and striped bass starts with feeding Artemia nauplii. By about 15 dph, weaning to an artificial diet begins and is completed by 26 dph. Grading at that time reduces cannibalism. Live food culture is risky, and requires time, space, costs, and expertise. Recent innovations may alleviate some of these problems. High-density (up to 16,000/mL) rotifer production methods are being developed. These systems require constant feeding, oxygen, pH and ammonia control, suspended particle removal, and proper harvesting. Fatty-acid enriched algae pastes can replace cultured algae. Ammonia and pH problems can be controlled with products like Chloram-X® and auto-sensing pH controllers. Water is conserved by utilizing recirculation systems for rotifer and fingerling production. Use of commercially available decapsulated brine shrimp eggs further reduces time and physical risk. Increased demand for fingerlings during the winter and reduced culture costs will increase tank fingerling production. INTRODUCTIONYear-round production of sunshine bass is a top priority of hybrid striped bass producers (Anonymous 1998). Currently, fry and fingerling production is confined to March through June, the normal spawning periods of the parental stocks (Mike Freeze, Keo Fish Farm, personal communication; Becker 1983). Fish reach market-size in 10 to 20 months after hatching, depending on stocking rates, culture conditions, and diet (Carlberg et al. 1989). As a result, it is difficult for fish farmers to provide hybrid striped bass of uniform size and quality to markets yearround. Consequently, prices also vary considerably during the year. It is important to develop culture techniques that will provide for year-round availability of sunshine bass fingerlings.The culture of striped bass (Marone saxatilis) and its hybrids with white bass (M. chrysops) for the food-fish market is a recent endeavor. The initial incentive for Marone culture was to replenish wild populations of striped bass whose stocks had been depleted by over-fishing and habitat degradation. However, hybrid...

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“…This ecological condition occurs early in the plankton successional stages of recently filled and fertilized ponds (Parmley and Geiger 1985; Ludwig 2003). Larvae that are stocked after high rotifer densities subside, and while copepods and cladocerans are present, have low survival rates—presumably from inappropriately sized live food as well as predation by cyclopoid copepods (Valderrama et al 2000; Frimpong and Lochmann 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Rotifer Enrichment on Sunshine Bass Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis Larvae Growth and Survival and Fatty Acid Composition

Ludwig¹,

Rawles²,

Lochmann³

2008

J World Aquaculture Soc

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The effect of enriching rotifer prey with highly unsaturated fatty acids on sunshine bass Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis larval survival and growth from ages 4 to 12 d posthatch was determined. Comparisons were made among larvae fed (1) rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis paste versus rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis paste and enriched with Culture Selco 3000; (2) no rotifers versus rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis paste and enriched with Culture Selco 3000; and (3) rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis paste and enriched with Culture Selco 3000, rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis and Pavlova pastes and enriched with Culture Selco 3000, and rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis paste and enriched with Culture Selco 3000 and Super Selco. The only differences in survival were unfed larvae with practically no survival compared to 55.4% survival for larvae fed rotifers cultured with paste plus Culture Selco 3000. Larvae fed rotifers cultured with paste plus Culture Selco 3000 were longer and had greater condition than those fed rotifers cultured with paste. Additional enrichment with Pavlova sp. or Super Selco had no affect. A canonical analysis of fatty acid contents of diets, rotifers, and fry supported evidence from harvest results. Distances between centroids indicated distinct differences among diets, less distinction among the rotifers, and little difference among fry. Enrichment enhanced growth, but additional enrichment beyond that done during rotifer culture did not increase survival, growth, or condition.

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Predation of Cyclopoid Copepods on Sunshine Bass Fry

Cited by 13 publications

References 18 publications

Tank culture of larval sunshine bass, Morone chrysops (Rafinesque)×M. saxatilis (Walbaum), at three feeding levels

Tank culture of larval sunshine bass, Morone chrysops (Rafinesque)×M. saxatilis (Walbaum), at three feeding levels

Sunshine Bass Fingerling Culture

Effect of Rotifer Enrichment on Sunshine Bass Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis Larvae Growth and Survival and Fatty Acid Composition

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