Low and variable survival rates have been observed for the fry of sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops ϫ male striped bass M. saxatilis) in rearing ponds despite adherence to the standard procedures used to stock fry of striped bass and palmetto bass (female striped bass ϫ male white bass). A mismatch between sunshine bass fry and forage of suitable size is regarded as the primary cause of fry mortality. Mortality could also be due to direct predation on the fry by carnivorous copepods. To test the latter hypothesis, recently hatched sunshine bass fry were exposed to a concentration gradient of cyclopoid copepods (0, 5, 50, and 500 copepods/L) during a 24-h period. No significant differences in survival rates were found among the first three treatments, but fry suffered high mortality in the 500-copepod/L treatment. Adult copepods are observed at similarly high densities in culture ponds. Results were also used to test an empirical model that predicts predation rates on fish larvae by a variety of predators, including copepods. This study indicates that stocking sunshine bass fry in ponds containing only rotifers and copepod nauplii will reduce the risk of predation and ensure suitable forage.
This chapter examines the global impact of Anthony Benezet's antislavery ministry, including Benezet's influence on black abolitionists outside the Society of Friends. More than any other individual's work in the eighteenth century, that of Benezet served as a catalyst, throughout the Atlantic world, for the initial organized fight against slave trade and the eventual ending of slavery. His written work, which combined Quaker principles and Enlightenment thinking with knowledge gained through a deep study of Africa and her history, and his own contacts with black people as a teacher and philanthropist influenced men from Benjamin Franklin to John Jay and Patrick Henry in North America; from Thomas Clarkson, Granville Sharp, and William Wilberforce in England; to Condorcet and the Abbé Raynal in France. His words helped inspire African-born Olaudah Equiano and Ottabah Cugoano to write, and students at his Quaker schools such as American-born blacks Richard Allen and Absalom Jones to organize.
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