Tank culture of larval sunshine bass, <i>Morone chrysops</i>
 (Rafinesque)×<i>M. saxatilis</i>
 (Walbaum), at three feeding levels

Ludwig, Gerald M.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00937.x

Cited by 15 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Lewis et al (1981) recommended stocking striped bass larvae at 100 larvae/L, while Ludwig (1994) initially stocked sunshine bass at about 20/L but later increased the rate to 75/L (Ludwig and Lochmann 2000) and then to 80/L (Ludwig 2003). These rates are similar to the 75/L that Denson and Smith (1996) used for sunshine bass and white bass.…”

Section: Tank Culture Of Fingerlingssupporting

confidence: 59%

“…The use of ammonia control chemicals (Chloram-X®, AmQuel®) particle traps, algae paste, and oxygen resulted in a fairly stable, semiautomated, high-density rotifer production system (Pfeiffer and Ludwig 2002). Ludwig (2003) successfully cultured rotifers with this system to produce sunshine bass fingerlings in tanks. The recent production of live, decapsulated brine shrimp eggs should also ease the difficulty in culturing sunshine bass fingerlings since it will eliminate the danger of using harsh chemicals and the time needed to decapsulate brine shrimp cysts before hatching them.…”

Section: Tank Culture Of Fingerlingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By age 22 days, survival rates were 3.1 percent, 14.2 percent and 24.3 percent respectively. Ludwig (2003) compared survival of larval fish fed at three levels of rotifers, brine shrimp nauplii, and microencapsulated feed. Larvae fed the highest amount (60 HUFA-enriched rotifers/mL/ day, 6 Artemia nauplii/mL/day and then 3 g feed/day) had a 52.9 percent survival rate by day 21 post hatch.…”

Section: Tank Culture Of Fingerlingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Denson and Smith (1997) obtained better growth by starting with brackish water rotifers, B. plicatilis, followed by brine shrimp nauplii, and then weaning to a microencapsulated diet. Significant increases in survival and growth were found when rotifer and brine shrimp nauplii concentrations were Sunshine Bass Fingerling Culture increased (Ludwig 2003). Freshwater rotifers and other zooplankton harvested from ponds with a rotating drum filter equipped with a 60-µm mesh screen were also used by Ludwig and Lochmann (2000) to raise sunshine bass larvae to the time they were weaned to dry feed.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Sunshine Bass Fingerling Culture

Ludwig¹

2006

International Journal of Recirculating Aquaculture

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Year-round production is a top priority of hybrid striped bass producers. Most Morone culturists produce sunshine bass (white bass Cf X striped bass d') that have very tiny fry and require rotifers as their first food. Almost 100 percent of the fingerlings are produced in ponds where high survival rates depend on fry being stocked at the right time -before rotifer concentrations peak and before copepods appear. Pond culture drawbacks include the inability to monitor growth and survival and seasonal limitations due to weather. Tank culture overcomes these problems and is necessary for year-round production. Little tank fingerling production has occurred because costs are higher than for pond culture. Supplying live food is a major expense. Sunshine bass larvae are stocked at 4 to 5 days post hatch (dph) and are fed enriched cultured rotifers. The rotifers require microalgae. Within a few days the fry are weaned to cultured Artemia nauplii. The culture of the larger palmetto bass and striped bass starts with feeding Artemia nauplii. By about 15 dph, weaning to an artificial diet begins and is completed by 26 dph. Grading at that time reduces cannibalism. Live food culture is risky, and requires time, space, costs, and expertise. Recent innovations may alleviate some of these problems. High-density (up to 16,000/mL) rotifer production methods are being developed. These systems require constant feeding, oxygen, pH and ammonia control, suspended particle removal, and proper harvesting. Fatty-acid enriched algae pastes can replace cultured algae. Ammonia and pH problems can be controlled with products like Chloram-X® and auto-sensing pH controllers. Water is conserved by utilizing recirculation systems for rotifer and fingerling production. Use of commercially available decapsulated brine shrimp eggs further reduces time and physical risk. Increased demand for fingerlings during the winter and reduced culture costs will increase tank fingerling production. INTRODUCTIONYear-round production of sunshine bass is a top priority of hybrid striped bass producers (Anonymous 1998). Currently, fry and fingerling production is confined to March through June, the normal spawning periods of the parental stocks (Mike Freeze, Keo Fish Farm, personal communication; Becker 1983). Fish reach market-size in 10 to 20 months after hatching, depending on stocking rates, culture conditions, and diet (Carlberg et al. 1989). As a result, it is difficult for fish farmers to provide hybrid striped bass of uniform size and quality to markets yearround. Consequently, prices also vary considerably during the year. It is important to develop culture techniques that will provide for year-round availability of sunshine bass fingerlings.The culture of striped bass (Marone saxatilis) and its hybrids with white bass (M. chrysops) for the food-fish market is a recent endeavor. The initial incentive for Marone culture was to replenish wild populations of striped bass whose stocks had been depleted by over-fishing and habitat degradation. However, hybrid...

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Section: Tank Culture Of Fingerlingssupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Tank Culture Of Fingerlingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tank Culture Of Fingerlingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sunshine Bass Fingerling Culture

Ludwig¹

2006

International Journal of Recirculating Aquaculture

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“…and enriched with Culture Selco (INVE Aquaculture, Baasrode, Belgium) as an initial feed and transitioned larvae to Artemia nauplii before weaning them to prepared feed. Ludwig (2003) achieved an average of 12.3 mm TL and 53% survival at 26 d poststocking. Ludwig used B. plicatilis cultured with Nannochloropsis spp.…”

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confidence: 98%

Changes in Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Wild Freshwater Zooplankton during Enrichment and Subsequent Starvation

2007

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Concentrated wild zooplankton harvested from freshwater ponds have been used to feed the larvae of hybrid striped bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis) in tanks. However, larval growth and survival have been superior when cultured rotifers and brine shrimp Artemia spp. nauplii have been offered as first feeds. We hypothesized that enrichment with highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), which is common for cultured zooplankton, would enhance the nutritional value of wild freshwater zooplankton. Wild zooplankton were enriched for 24 h with Super Selco, a formula rich in HUFAs. Lipid and fatty acid composition changes in wild freshwater zooplankton were monitored during the enrichment period and the subsequent 72 h. Total lipids in wild zooplankton increased from a preenrichment level of 38 mg/g dry weight (DW) to 72 mg/g DW after enrichment. Although wild zooplankton were initially deficient in HUFAs, the HUFA level after enrichment was 10.41 mg/g DW, which was above the recommended level for good growth and survival of hybrid striped bass larvae. The nutritional state of wild zooplankton returned to the preenrichment level 24 h after enrichment was terminated. Therefore, enriching wild zooplankton from culture ponds for 24 h after harvesting and concentration offers producers another nutritional option for hybrid striped bass larvae during the early life history stages.

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