Preconcentration and determination of ultra trace amounts of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) in tap water and total arsenic in biological samples by cloud point extraction and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Strategies to increase selectivity of analytical methods for As, Cr and Se speciation in biological samples: A review

“…CPE conditions were optimized and the arsenic determination was performed by ETAAS. The detection limit was 0.01 μg L −1 and the enrichment factor was 52.5 [29]. Thus, we can cite as advantages and disadvantages of the technique of CPE: -the analyte is collected in a very small volume (200 μL and 500 µL) enriched phase in surfactant; -theses results in preconcentration factors are very similar to other techniques, although they use a small volume of sample; -the surfactants used are non-toxic and less dangerous than the organic solvents used in conventional extractions because they are not volatile; -operational safety due to the low flammability of surfactant, low toxicity to the analyst and environment, accessibility of technical laboratories, which may be submitted to several examination techniques.…”

“…However, with regard to the last point, it should be emphasized that the synthesis of more specific surfactants from commercially available precursors and the use of mixed micelles means that this problem can be solved in the future [28,29].…”

Heteropoly acids-catalyzed organic reactions in water: doubly green reactions

“…HPAs have been extensively used in analytical chemistry for determination and removal of metal ions like phosphates (49,(53)(54)(55), arsenates (55)(56)(57)(58), arsenic (57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63)(64), silicates (65)(66)(67)(68), and many other ions (69, 70) from aqueous solutions. They have also other applications in aqueous systems (71).…”

Microextraction Techniques as a Sample Preparation Step for Metal Analysis

“…Cu (Kulichenko et al, 2003), Mn ( Doroschuk et al, 2004), Co (Nascentes & Arruda, 2003), Cd and Ni (Manzoori & Karim-Nezhad, 2004), Ag and Au (Mesguita da Silva et al, 1998) were determined by FAAS. CPE was also applied for extraction of Fe(III) (Ohashi et al, 2005) and As(III) and As(V) (Shemirani et al, 2005) before determination by ET-AAS. Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn (Chen & Teo, 2001) were simultaneous extracted as complex with 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) using TritonX-114 prior to determination by FAAS.…”