Pragmatic evaluation of an observational pain assessment scale in the emergency department: The Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale

Abstract

MF conceived, designed and conducted the study and secured funding. RE analysed the data. RE and MF prepared and approved the manuscript.

Chronic Pain Treatment and Digital Health Era-An Opinion

“…The second way of measuring pain is the "Observe behavior and infer" method (39). This method has various scales like Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) (40), Crying Requires Increased Vital Signs Expression Sleeplessness (CRIES) (41), Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) (41) for Infants and Toddlers, then Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate (PACSLAC) (42), DOLOPLUS2 (43), Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale (PAINAD) (44) for elderly with dementia and Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) (45), Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) (46), Nonverbal Pain Scale (NVPS) (47) for ill and unconscious persons. The third classification of measuring pain is "Indirect Physiology."…”

Optimal Emergency Department Care Practices for Persons Living With Dementia: A Scoping Review

“…Six articles addressed pain assessment and management for PLWDs in the ED. 21,28,31,32,43,44 One article demonstrated that PLWDs were less likely to be assessed using a standardized pain assessment tool, have longer delay to first pain assessment, and have longer time between pain assessments than other patients in the ED. 32 In another study of patients with hip fractures, patients with cognitive impairment were less likely to receive parenteral analgesia and received lower doses of analgesia than persons without cognitive impairment.…”

“…21 Three studies described the development, validation, and use of the Pain Assessment IN Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. 31,43,44 The PAINAD tool is well accepted by ED registered nurses, results in earlier and more complete assessments of pain, but did not impact time to analgesia for PLWDs.…”

Pain management nursing practice assessment in older adults with dementia

“…It is also important to have the help of the caregivers (Herr et al., 2011 ; Sáez‐López et al., 2015 ). In non‐communicative patients, behavioural observation is recommended using scales such as Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate (PACSLAC), Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) or DOLOPLUS 2 (Coca & Abeldaño Zuñiga, 2020 ; Fry & Elliott, 2018 ; Herr et al., 2011 ; Montoro‐Lorite & Canalias‐Reverter, 2015 , 2018 ; Schofield, 2018 ; Tsai et al., 2018 ). In a recent publication (Herr et al., 2019 ), the first step in the hierarchy is the assessment of the causes of potential pain, such as musculoskeletal or neurological problems.…”