Power scale-up and propagation evolution of structured laser beams concentrated on 3D Lissajous parametric surfaces

Abstract

We systematically explore the power scale-up and propagation evolution of Lissajous structured beams in a lowly Nd-doped YVO 4 laser with the off-axis pumping scheme. We experimentally found that the average output power can be up to 1.0 W for the output transmission in the range of 1.8-10% at an incident pump power of 6.2 W. It is also found that when the output transmission is greater than 5%, the spatial coherence is considerably reduced to lead to a feature of broken Lissajous figures in transverse patterns. Moreover, transverse patterns varying with propagation direction are remarkably measured to manifest the 3D characteristics of Lissajous structured beams. We also employ the formula of coherent states to make a comparison with experimental observations and to reveal the transverse momentum density varying with propagation direction.

Laser Transverse Modes with Ray-Wave Duality: A Review

“…It has been demonstrated that Lissajous geometric modes can be well generated from an off-axis diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO 4 laser. The detailed description for the experiment can be obtained from previous papers [14,40,41]. When a short laser crystal with length of 1~2 mm was used in experiment, the value of M was found to be greater than 300 by far.…”

“…One of the most striking geometric modes is the transverse intensities exhibiting the Lissajous figures [31][32][33][34][39][40][41]. In 1964, Herriot et al [42] proved that under foldback conditions, an incident laser beam can be reflected forth and back between two spherical mirrors to exhibit an elliptical pattern.…”

Polygonal Vortex Beams

“…which can be used in freely trapping of multiple particles [21]. Y. F. Chen et al has realized plenty of geometric modes with peculiar profiles of multiple circles [22], Lissajous parametric surfaces [23], [24], quantum Green's functions [25], [26], and multiple spots shape [27]- [29], which all reveal a deeper quantum-classical connection as quantum coherent states in SU(2) Lie algebra [30]- [33]. To sum up, the investigations upon novel structured vortex light fields are of great significance for frontier scientific researches.…”

Lissajous-like patterns generated by multi-cosine Gaussian-correlated Schell-model beams

“…Spatial shaping of a light field to promote certain desired features during propagation has become an attractive problem with wide and increasing applications across several disciplines. For instance, theoretical and experimental studies have been directed toward the fundamental physics of the Lissajous beams, whose intensity distributions are well concentrated along the Lissajous curves [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Because of of the McGCSM beam is capable of generating far field with fully controllable square optical lattice consisting of Gaussian-like individual spots.…”

“…Some make use of the folded optical path between a pair of spherical mirrors [1], and some take advantage of the Nd:YVO 4 laser with a doughnut-shape pumped profile [2,3]. Lately, Chen et al developed an off-axis pumping scheme in which a Nd:YVO 4 laser with degenerate cavities was used to form three-dimensional coherent beams localized on Lissajous parametric surfaces [4][5][6]. They further demonstrated that the Lissajous-structured beams generated in their case are induced by the longitudinal-transverse coupling and can be expressed as a coherent superposition of various degenerate Hermite-Gaussian modes [4].…”