Potential Impacts of Weather and Traffic Conditions on Road Surface Performance in Terms of Forest Operations Continuity

Akgül, Mustafa; Akburak, Serdar; Yurtseven, Hüseyin; Akay, Anıl Orhan; Ciğizoğlu, H. Kerem; Demir, Murat; Öztürk, Tolga; Ekşi, Mert

doi:10.15666/aeer/1702_25332550

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Narrower-to medium-width roads do not meet these standards; their construction is based upon a shorter-term vision and, therefore, their sub-grade consists of mineral soil, organic soil or woody debris. These materials do not facilitate an appropriate rate of compaction, so that the successive passage of vehicles more easily creates depressions on the road surface [8,34,57,58] through preferential formation of ruts and furrows [29]. Moreover, a higher recurrence of ruts was noted as the width of the road narrowed.…”

Section: Field Approach-road Widthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many methods of data acquisition can be used to assess the current state of forest roads, including point data for road compaction (load-bearing capacity) that are taken with a penetrometer [8,9], ground-penetrating radar (GPR) [10,11], or a deflectometer [9,12,13]. Some approaches rely upon visual observations, such as the pavement conditions index (PCI) [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The resulting data can be used to generate roughness indices [17] that characterise the road surface quality [18][19][20][21][22]. It is also possible to use a vehicle that is equipped with mobile laser scanning [8,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring Spatial and Temporal Gravelled Forest Road Degradation in the Boreal Forest

2022

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Degradation of forest roads in Canada has strong negative effects on access to forestlands, together with economic (e.g., increased maintenance costs), environmental (e.g., erosion of materials and subsequent habitat contamination), and social (e.g., use risks) impacts. Maintaining sustainable and safe access to forestland requires a better understanding and knowledge of forest road degradation over time and space. Our study aimed to identify relevant spatiotemporal variables regarding the state of eastern Canadian forest road networks by (1) building predictive models of gravel forest road degradation and assessing effects of the slope, time, loss of the road surface, and road width (field approach), and (2) evaluating the potential of topography, roughness and vegetation indices obtained from Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data and Sentinel-2 optical images to estimate degradation rates (remote sensing approach). The field approach (n = 207 sample plots) confirmed that only four variables were efficient to estimate degradation rates (pseudo-R2 = 0.43 with ±8% error). Simulations that were conducted showed that after about five years without maintenance, the rate of degradation on a road, regardless of its width, increased exponentially, exacerbated by a high slope gradient and loss of road surface. The narrowest roads tended to degrade more rapidly over time. The remote sensing approach performed quite well (pseudo-R2 = 0.34 with ±9% error) in terms of predicting road degradation, giving us the valuable tools to spatialise the state of gravel forest road degradation in eastern Canadian forest. This study provided new knowledge and tools that are critical for maintaining and sustaining access to Canada’s boreal forest territory in both the short- and the long-term.

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Section: Field Approach-road Widthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring Spatial and Temporal Gravelled Forest Road Degradation in the Boreal Forest

2022

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“…More frequent heavy rain events and shorter or missing periods of frozen soil, as brought about by climate change, are most likely to trigger a significant increase in maintenance costs. Further inter-as well as transdisciplinary research is needed in order to effectively support individual forest enterprises, associations, and communities in optimizing their road networks and in minimizing respective maintenance costs [25]. A current example of such research efforts is the EU-funded project TECH4EFFECT [64], in which one of the research questions relates to the effects of humidity on roadways in terms of the trafficability of forest roads.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest Roads from the Perspective of Managerial Accounting—Empirical Evidence from Austria

Toscani

Sekot

Holzleitner

2020

Forests

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State-of-the-art forest management requires an adequate opening-up in terms of forest roads. In addition to the increased efficiency of harvesting operations, a higher road density may trigger other positive and negative side-effects. Austria has a long tradition of forestry, and also of monitoring the economic performance of forest enterprises by means of forest accountancy data networks. Using these almost unique preconditions, this research paper approaches the topic of forest roads from a managerial accounting perspective. Based on a specially designed report, the results for the fiscal years 2008–2017 were investigated. On average, Austrian forest enterprises larger than 500 ha report a road density of 50.5 m/ha. The yearly net cost of forest roads, including depreciation and reduction of revenue, is 32.4 €/ha. The pure maintenance cost amounts to 27.9 €/ha on average. The annual investment in forest roads accounts for 9.4 €/ha. Whereas the enterprises’ average annual cost of maintenance is 0.63 €/m, the actual maintenance cost of forest roads is 5.6 €/m. To cover the ongoing costs of maintenance, 12.1% of the allowable annual cut is needed. Grouping the analyzed enterprises according to different attributes, namely size of forest land, production conditions, coherence of estate, average slope, and share of forest land requiring cable yarding, showed some statistically significant differences in the maintenance costs of forest roads. In almost all of the tested groupings, significant differences of maintenance costs (expressed as €/ha, €/m3 felling volume, or €/m) were found. However, an initially expected significant correlation between road density and harvesting cost could not be established. The challenges brought about by the trend towards a bioeconomy on the one hand and climate change on the other most likely further enhance the significance of the opening-up of forests and the efficiency of road maintenance.

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“…The forest roads, like any other type of construction, undergo a series of structural changes as a result of use [1][2][3][4], which are closely related to the level of traffic at which were exposed [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Because of this, the sizing and the design are in a strong relation to future requests [5,12,[14][15][16][17] and the materials used in construction [3,[18][19][20][21], but also with the compliance or non-compliance of the proper conditions of the objective's exploitation and use [12,[21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Forest Road Systems Subjected to Different Loadings by Using the Finite Element Method

Musat

Bitir

2022

Forests

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In the actual context, in which there is a trend of increasing the weight of the vehicles used to transport materials, checking the deformations of road systems as a response to dynamic and static loadings is necessary to better manage the road infrastructure. The goal of the study was to evaluate how the number and the thickness of layers, and the material types could influence the behavior of the road systems subjected to different loads, and to find out which of the road systems have the smallest deformations. The Romania forest roads are classified into three categories, and the most important are the principal forest roads. There were chosen road systems proper to this category. Consequently, nine types of road systems were considered, based on the materials used and the thickness of the layers, and the deformations were evaluated by considering loads of 25, 35 and 45 tons. For modeling the behavior of road systems under different loads, the Finite Element Method (FEM) was used taking into consideration the static domain. The models show that, in all the cases, the deformations depend on the number of layers, while the thickness of the ballast layer can reduce the deformations because of the rigidness of the structure. Those findings are very important because not all the modeled roads systems could provide suitable bearing capacity. Hence, an inappropriate thickness of the layers could negatively influence the behavior of road systems under the traffic with weight increased.

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Potential Impacts of Weather and Traffic Conditions on Road Surface Performance in Terms of Forest Operations Continuity

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

Measuring Spatial and Temporal Gravelled Forest Road Degradation in the Boreal Forest

Measuring Spatial and Temporal Gravelled Forest Road Degradation in the Boreal Forest

Forest Roads from the Perspective of Managerial Accounting—Empirical Evidence from Austria

Evaluating the Forest Road Systems Subjected to Different Loadings by Using the Finite Element Method

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