Potential Application of Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate Salt (DOSS)–Saponin Binary Dispersant in Oil Spill Remediation: Synergistic Interaction Between DOSS and Saponin

Dispersants as an oil spill clean-up technique in the marine environment: A review

“…The 0 indicating the highest lipophilic concentration and the 20 being the highest hydrophilic concentration [ 101 ]. This implies that a specific HLB value for a mixed surfactant indicates whether it has low HLB which means more soluble in oil or has high HLB which means more soluble in water [ 127 , 131 ]. Dispersants made by surfactants blending have a usual HLB range of 9–11 [ 113 ].…”

“…For an instance, anionic surfactants have high HLB due to high solubility in water whiles nonionic surfactants have low HLB thus soluble in oil. When nonionic and anionic surfactants are mixed to form dispersants, they interact in synergy to improve upon the effectiveness of dispersion [ 131 ]. Nonionic surfactants have good ability to reduce interfacial tension and in the presence of salt, they have constant properties as compared to anionic surfactants.…”

“…In summary, blending surfactants to formulate dispersants are more effective as compared to the individual surfactant components of the blend because the surfactant interacts at the oil-water interface in the following three ways. Synergy in the effectiveness of surface tension reduction (this is when the surface tension of the mixture obtained at CMC is lower than that of the individual surfactants which make up the mixture) [ 131 , 133 , 134 ]. Efficiency in surface tension reduction synergy (in this case, a given surface tension attained at a total mixed surfactant concentration is less than that of each individual surfactant making up the mixture) [ 131 , 133 , 134 ].…”

“… Synergy in the effectiveness of surface tension reduction (this is when the surface tension of the mixture obtained at CMC is lower than that of the individual surfactants which make up the mixture) [ 131 , 133 , 134 ]. Efficiency in surface tension reduction synergy (in this case, a given surface tension attained at a total mixed surfactant concentration is less than that of each individual surfactant making up the mixture) [ 131 , 133 , 134 ]. Mixed micelle formation synergy (in this, the CMC of the mixture is lower than that of the individual surfactants making up the mixture) [ 131 , 133 , 134 ].…”

Microwave- and Formaldehyde-Assisted Synthesis of Ag–Ag3PO4 with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity for the Degradation of Rhodamine B Dye and Crude Oil Fractions

“…For example, oil spillages and the discharge of dyes into water bodies used in painting, printing, plastic, textile, pharmaceutical, food processing, and so forth have a devastating effect on the environment and affect the survival of humans and aquatic species. For oil spillages, remediation technologies such as in situ burning, the application of chemical dispersants, and mechanical containment and collection are employed to reduce their environmental impact . Although chemical dispersants are widely accepted as a response strategy for large-scale oil spills, they are reportedly ineffective in remediating the water-soluble components of crude oil. , Therefore, there is a strong need for a remediation strategy that is effective at treating the water-soluble components of crude oil (aromatics).…”