Postprandial metabolic responses to the influence of food form

Abstract

To determine whether differences in the metabolic response to two common starches could be eliminated by altering the physical form of food, 12 normal and 6 noninsulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) subjects were studied after consumption of test loads of whole and blended rice and potato. In normal and NIDDM subjects the lower postprandial glycemia and insulinemia of whole rice was eliminated and became similar to that of whole potato, which was unaffected by blending. The glucagon responses were unchanged and similar in both groups under all study conditions. In both normal and NIDDM subjects the glucose and insulin response to a particular starch is not a stable feature dependent on the unique characteristics of the starch molecule but is affected by food processing and the form in which it is presented to the gastrointestinal tract.

No evidence of enhanced satiety following whey protein- or sucrose-enriched water beverages: a dose response trial in overweight women

“…2 Consumption of bottled waters has been rapidly increasing globally in recent years, taking up a growing proportion of the soft drinks industry. Beverages may evoke weaker appetite and compensatory responses than energy-matched solid foods, 1,[6][7][8] although mechanisms underpinning effects of food rheology remain little explored, but achieving a low-energy water-based protein beverage that could be used as part of a higher-protein weight loss diet may be of interest to weight conscious individuals. Doses of protein above 4% w/w of course can be incorporated into thicker, shake-style protein beverages, but 4 g protein/100 g water is close to the limit of acceptance for clear water beverages.…”

“…4 This is important since energy counts to the daily tally no matter the source, and because dietary compensation for liquids may be weaker than for solid foods with beverages being poor satiety agents. 1,[5][6][7][8] Although adverse effects of alcoholic beverages have been gaining gradual acceptance, not least as a consequence of adverse health effects of alcohol per se, far more controversial are the high-carbohydrate (CHO) or sugarsweetened beverages (SSBs). A recent editorial 2 has concluded that 'calories from soft drinks do matter' and that the time has now come to take action and implement recommendations to reduce consumption of CHO-enriched SSBs as part of a wider strategy of weight management; a finding that remains, in part, controversial 9 but which is gaining considerable evidence-based support.…”

Beverage Consumption: Are Alcoholic and Sugary Drinks Tipping the Balance towards Overweight and Obesity?

“…, the liquid format of the nutrient intake, rather than the micronutrient composition per se that has the greatest influence on intake [ 31 , 32 , 33 ]. There is some evidence that we may regulate badly, at least in the short-term, when faced with “liquid energy/calories” such that energy-containing beverages may evoke weaker appetite and compensatory dietary responses than solid food [ 30 , 31 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Hence they may increase total intake when added freely (“ ad libitum ”) into a typical diet [ 36 , 37 ].…”

Effects of food form on appetite and energy intake in lean and obese young adults

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Further, there is increasing documentation of a positive association between beverage consumption and body weight or body mass index (BMI). 4,[8][9][10][11][12][13] The mechanisms by which beverages and solid food forms elicit differential appetitive and dietary responses are not known.…”