Posterior tibial perforators relationship with superficial nerves and veins: A cadaver study

Bulla, Antonio; Bolletta, Alberto; Fiorot, Luca; Maffei, Matteo; Bandiera, Pasquale; Casoli, Vincent; Montella, Andrea; Campus, Gian Vittorio

doi:10.1002/micr.30327

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Then, in the subcutaneous tissue, they give multiple branches which connect to the superficial venous system. 53 The segmentum suprafasciale is short and usually regular and often crosses the cutaneous nerves. The segmentum subfasciale is longer, features frequent morphological variations and is closely accompanied by a thin artery.…”

Section: • Numbermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…68,[75][76][77][78] They are sometimes doubled within segmentum subfasciale and fuse just before passing through fascia cruris superficially. 53 The superior one has been studied in detailed in relation to the arterial perforator. According to the study of Ghali et al, it is located inferiorly to the artery in 47.5%, doubled in 27.5%, tripled in 2.5% and absent in 7.5% of cases.…”

Section: Perforators Of Legmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then, in the subcutaneous tissue, they give multiple branches which connect to the superficial venous system. 53…”

Section: General Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The venous perforators of the lower limb – A new terminology

Kachlík

Pecháček²,

Hnatkova

et al. 2019

Phlebology

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Latin anatomical terminology of venous perforators (communications between superficial and deep venous systems of the lower limb) was adopted as late as 2001 as an appendix to the official nomenclature following the clinicians’ request. Terminologia Anatomica, last version of the Latin anatomical nomenclature, published in 1998, unfortunately contains no terms concerning these veins. During the 14th World Congress of the International Union of Phlebology, a consensus document was laid to expand the nomenclature of the lower limb veins, above all 36 new terms for perforators of the lower limb, both in Latin and English languages. This consensus document will be incorporated in the next version of the Terminologia Anatomica. But there are more constant and well-described ones, especially in the foot, and this article reviews in particular the current knowledge on the anatomy of the venous perforators of the whole lower limb.

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Section: • Numbermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Perforators Of Legmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The venous perforators of the lower limb – A new terminology

Kachlík

Pecháček²,

Hnatkova

et al. 2019

Phlebology

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“…His sketches provided a very accurate and complete description of the superficial venous network of the human body. By the way, the posterior arch vein in the leg is named Leonardo's vein [25], since this vein appears in some Leonardo's plates (Vangensten et al, 1911(Vangensten et al, -1916; v 5, f 3r and f 20v) [26]. This blood vessel was also named Michelangelo's vein in some books dealing with the venous network of the lower limb [27,28], but this particular vein was not found in Michelangelo's works.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Superficial Venous System: Art and Anatomy in Michelangelo’s Works

Natale¹,

Colombai²,

Soldani³

2021

NAJM

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The Renaissance period was a laboratory of extensive scientific and artistic production that also included the study of the human body for both medical and artistic purpose. The artists of this period, especially those of the Italian schools, were particularly fascinated by human dissection and began to attend or perform public human dissections or public lessons of anatomy. They paid particular attention on superficial anatomy, especially on muscles, to understand body dynamics, but only a few of them focused on other neglected subcutaneous structures (veins, nerves, lymph nodes). Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564), one of the most brilliant artists in Italian High Renaissance, had a wide knowledge in human anatomy coming from his experience in public dissection, when he joined to the court of Lorenzo de' Medici, and later in life thanks to the friendship with the anatomist Realdo Colombo. The present article aimed to examine Michelangelo's works, following a chronological order, to find the presence of subcutaneous veins. When represented, the anatomical correctness of the superficial venous network has been evaluated in marble sculptures and frescoes of the Sistine Chapel. Interesting anatomical considerations arose from the analysis of his famous works, in particular Pietà and David. Michelangelo paid a particular attention to anatomical dissection, this research being finalized to achieve detailed information for artistic purposes. The representation of distended superficial veins also contributed to transmit additional physical effort and emotional states in his masterpieces.

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“…Over the past two decades the indications for perforator flaps reconstruction have increased due to the better understanding of the anatomy and distribution of perforator vessels [5,26] . These flaps can be used as local flaps and transposed to the defect through a wide range of movements (i.e., V-Y advancement, rotation, etc.)…”

Section: Local Perforator Flapsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in microsurgery for upper and lower extremity reconstruction and limb preservation

Bolletta¹,

Rubino²,

Chen³

2019

PAR

Self Cite

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In the recent decades, microsurgical reconstruction has evolved from simple survival of the affected extremity to the improvement of functional and aesthetic outcome. This review retraces the main contributions to the advances of microsurgery for reconstruction of upper and lower extremities and limb preservation. In the upper extremity, it is important to restore fine motility, together with allowing prompt mobilization. In the lower limb, care must be taken in the reconstruction of weight-bearing areas and the aim must be proper ambulation and shoe wearing. Local perforator flaps can be considered for medium size defects. They provide thin coverage and can be performed in short operating time. Their use, though, is often limited by tissue availability. Free flaps allow to overcome this problem and, thanks to the recent development in the study of perforator vessels, the microsurgeon can choose the flap with the most appropriate characteristics. Chimeric flaps can accomplish simultaneous reconstruction of different tissue components and large bone defects often require vascularized bone reconstruction. When dealing with limb preservation it is very important to consider residual functionality. Functioning muscle transfer and targeted muscle re-innervation can be performed in these cases. A useful reconstructive tool in severely damaged limbs with limited blood supply is the use of cross-leg free flaps. In conclusion, extremity reconstruction and limb preservation are reaching new heights thanks, not only to the work of plastic surgeons, but also to the new developments in other fields of study such as oncology, traumatology, radiology and medical engineering.

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Posterior tibial perforators relationship with superficial nerves and veins: A cadaver study

Cited by 14 publications

References 28 publications

The venous perforators of the lower limb – A new terminology

The venous perforators of the lower limb – A new terminology

The Superficial Venous System: Art and Anatomy in Michelangelo’s Works

Advances in microsurgery for upper and lower extremity reconstruction and limb preservation

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