Positive Contrast Retrograde Urethrography: A Useful Procedure for Evaluating Urethral Disorders in the Dog

Ticer, James W.; Spencer, Crispin P.; Ackerman, Norman B.

doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.1980.tb01343.x

Cited by 30 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The appearance and size of each region of the normal canine CT urethrogram were generally consistent with results from the earlier radiographic studies, showing the significant difference in the diameter of the prostatic urethra between the empty and distended bladder, and no significant difference in the membranous urethra 2,8–10 . The canine prostatic urethra is surrounded by fibroelastic tissue devoid of sphincteric smooth muscle 16 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…It was also reported that the diameter of the urethra, immediately caudal to the prostate, may appear greater than the diameter of the prostatic urethra. This was assumed to be due to inherent distensibility of the membranous urethra and a relative increase in resistance to retrograde flow within the prostatic urethra 2 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several imaging modalities are available to diagnose lower urinary tract diseases, including radiography, fluoroscopy, ultrasonography, and CT 1 . Among the modalities, retrograde urethrography under radiographic or fluoroscopic guidance has been routinely performed to detect urethral abnormalities such as urethral rupture or stenosis because it can give information regarding urethral size, shape, location, and luminal content 2 . Computed tomography is considered a superior method to radiography because it can provide more detailed anatomical information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retrograde CT urethrography using a power injector quantitatively reveals effects of bladder distension on urethral size in healthy male Beagle dogs

Kang

Kim

et al. 2020

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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Quantitative analysis of the normal retrograde urethrogram is well reported in radiography, but studies on CT urethrography are lacking. Recently, a method of retrograde CT urethrography using a power injector was described. The purpose of the current, prospective, analytical study was to quantify the urethral size of five, healthy, intact, male Beagle dogs using retrograde CT urethrography and a power injector. With the injection rate of the power injector set at 0.3 mL/s, 1 mL/kg of diluted contrast medium (15 mg I/mL) was injected, and a CT examination was performed. The state of the initial urethrogram taken was defined as "empty bladder." The same procedures were repeated with the injection of an additional 1 mL/kg of diluted contrast medium until the ureteral reflux was seen (distended bladder). There was a significant difference in volumes between the empty and distended bladder, but the membranous urethra showed the least difference (P = .0044) among the three regions (P < .0001 for the prostatic and penile urethra).Urethral diameters at six sites were measured from sagittal images, and the sites of measurements were adopted from the earlier radiographic studies. The most significant difference in the urethral diameters between the empty and distended bladder occurred at the cranial and middle prostatic urethra (P < .0001). The results of this study can be useful for interpreting the results of retrograde CT urethrography. Care must be taken when narrowing is suspected at the prostatic urethra, and if necessary, further distension of the urinary bladder should be tried. K E Y W O R D Scanine, urethral volume, volumetric segmentation

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Retrograde CT urethrography using a power injector quantitatively reveals effects of bladder distension on urethral size in healthy male Beagle dogs

Kang

Kim

et al. 2020

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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“…In male dogs, a urethrogram is best accomplished by catheterizing the distal urethra with a balloon‐tipped catheter and inflating the balloon enough to prevent reflux of contrast medium. For smaller dogs and cats in which a balloon‐tipped catheter will not fit, passing the widest catheter possible and gently clamping the tip of the urethral orifice with an atraumatic clamp will help reduce backflow of contrast material . Injection of 10–15 mL of contrast medium in dogs and 5–10 mL in cats is adequate for urethral filling.…”

Section: Imaging Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A clinical review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of uroabdomen in the dog and cat

Stafford

Bartges

2013

J Vet Emergen Crit Care

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“…The use of oxygen or room air for the creation of pneumoperitoneum did not produce any adverse effects (Singh et al, 1983). Positive contrast retrograde urethrography may allow visualization of urethral calculi, sites of urethral rupture, and many conditions of the urinary bladder (Ticer et al, 1980). However, urethral catheterization of the small ruminant species is difficult due to the presence of the urethral recess (Hinkle et al, 1978;Garrett, 1987;Wenzel, 1999), and contrast imaging of the pelvic urethra may be difficult.…”

Section: Clinical Manifestations Of Urolithiasis and Urinary Obstructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Evaluation of Urinary Bladder Marsupialization in Male Goats

et al. 2002

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Urinary bladder marsupialization has been successful in producing acceptable long-term resolution of clinical cases of obstructive urolithiasis in male goats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the six-month outcome of urinary bladder marsupialization in male goats.The urinary bladders of six male goats free from systemic disease were marsupialized following induced urethral obstruction. Renal ultrasonography, complete blood count, and blood chemistry analysis were evaluated preoperatively (day 0), at 7 postoperative days, and at 30-day intervals until 180 postoperative days. Stomal diameter was recorded at each interval. Necropsy examination was performed on day 180 or when stomal stricture or death occurred.Stomal stricture occurred in one goat at 120 days, and another goat was found dead at 150 days. Necropsy of this goat revealed severe, suppurative cystitis. All goats developed mild urine scald dermatitis. All blood chemistry values remained within normal limits. Significant decreases in white blood cell count, serum creatinine, and stomal diameter were observed from day 0 to day 180. Except for the goat that died at iii 150 days, all urinary bladders were tubular in shape and the mucosa and serosa of all urinary tract organs appeared grossly normal at necropsy examination.

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Positive Contrast Retrograde Urethrography: A Useful Procedure for Evaluating Urethral Disorders in the Dog

Cited by 30 publications

References 7 publications

Retrograde CT urethrography using a power injector quantitatively reveals effects of bladder distension on urethral size in healthy male Beagle dogs

Retrograde CT urethrography using a power injector quantitatively reveals effects of bladder distension on urethral size in healthy male Beagle dogs

A clinical review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of uroabdomen in the dog and cat

Experimental Evaluation of Urinary Bladder Marsupialization in Male Goats

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