Retrograde CT urethrography using a power injector quantitatively reveals effects of bladder distension on urethral size in healthy male Beagle dogs

Kang, Kee Ryeon; Kim, Kyeonga; Oh, Dae Jong; Choi, Jeongwoo; Choi, Mincheol; Yoon, Junghee

doi:10.1111/vru.12849

Cited by 7 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Unlike the results for male dogs, where the course of the urethra was always straight, 5 two patterns of the urethral course were identified in female dogs: a straight urethra ( Figure 4A) and urethral flexure ( Figures 4B and 4C). The incidence rate of the urethral flexure (12/18, 66%) was higher than that of the straight urethra (6/18, 33%).…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 70%

“…The same procedure from the previous study was adopted. 5 To obtain a more photorealistic representation of three-dimensional images, a cinematic rendering technique 6 was applied using a medical imaging processing application (MeVisLab, version 3.2, freeware version, MeVis Medical Solutions AG, Bremen, Germany).…”

Section: Computed Tomographic Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, however, a retrograde CT urethrography method using a power injector was described, 4 and quantitative analysis of the urethral size of healthy male dogs depending on the bladder distension was reported. 5 Nevertheless, based on our review of the literature, there has been no report applying this method to female dogs. The aim of the current study is to apply the same method to healthy female dogs, quantitatively analyze the urethral size, and compare the results with those of male dogs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although CT can provide more detailed anatomical information than radiography or fluoroscopy, it has not been routinely applied with urethrography in veterinary medicine. Recently, however, a retrograde CT urethrography method using a power injector was described, 4 and quantitative analysis of the urethral size of healthy male dogs depending on the bladder distension was reported 5 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A previous study on male dogs showed a significant difference in urethral size between empty and distended bladders and indicated that narrowing of the prostatic urethra was a normal variation even in the distended bladder. 5 On the basis of the results of that study, we hypothesized that both urethral volume and diameter will significantly differ depending on the state (empty or distended) of the bladder. Because female dogs do not have a prostate, we also hypothesized that there will be no narrowing of the urethra in the distended bladder.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The urethra of healthy female dogs can be normally narrowed due to the urethral flexure in retrograde CT urethrography

Kang

Kim

et al. 2020

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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Quantitative analysis of urethral size in male dogs by retrograde CT urethrography using a power injector is a recently reported technique. The aim of the current, prospective, analytical study was to apply the same method to six, healthy, intact female Beagle dogs. The proximal (P < .0001) and middle (P = .0010) urethral volumes significantly differed between the empty and distended bladder states, although no significant difference was observed in the distal volume (P = .0971). Unlike male dogs, female dogs showed two patterns of the urethral course: a straight urethra and urethral flexure. The urethral flexure was always related to intrapelvic position of the urinary bladder, and the more caudal the location of the vesicourethral junction beyond the pecten of the pubic bone, the more marked the appearance of the urethral flexure. Analysis of the urethral diameter at five sites (adopted from the previous radiographic study) was performed, and the urethral diameter showed a significant difference between the empty and the distended bladder states at sites 1 (vesicourethral junction, P < .0001), 2 (P < .0001), and 3 (P = .0244). However, there were no significant differences at sites 4 (P = .2516) and 5 (inflatable retention bulb, P = .1260). The urinary bladder may be in part intrapelvically located in clinically healthy female dogs, and urethral flexure and urethral narrowing can result from the intrapelvic location of the bladder. Narrowing of the urethra should be interpreted with caution when the pelvic bladder is identified.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 70%

Section: Computed Tomographic Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The urethra of healthy female dogs can be normally narrowed due to the urethral flexure in retrograde CT urethrography

Kang

Kim

et al. 2020

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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Urinary flow through urethras with a rough lumen

Yang,

Chen,

Bracher

et al. 2023

Neurourology and Urodynamics

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Aims: This study investigates how lumen roughness and urethral length influence urinary flow speed.Methods: We used micro-computed tomography scans to measure the lumen roughness and dimensions for rabbits, cats, and pigs. We designed and fabricated three-dimensional-printed urethra mimics of varying roughness and length to perform flow experiments. We also developed a corresponding mathematical model to rationalize the observed flow speed.Results: We update the previously reported relationship between body mass and urethra length and diameter, now including 41 measurements for urethra length and 10 measurements for diameter. We report the relationship between lumen diameter and roughness as a function of position down the urethra for rabbits, cats, and pigs. The time course of urinary speed from our mimics is reported, as well as the average speed as a function of urethra length. Conclusions: Based on the behavior of our mimics, we conclude that the lumen roughness in mammals reduces flow speed by up to 25% compared to smooth urethras. Urine flows fastest when the urethra length exceeds 25 times

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Functional, morphological and molecular characteristics in a novel rat model of spinal sacral nerve injury-surgical approach, pathological process and clinical relevance

Wang

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Spinal sacral nerve injury represents one of the most serious conditions associated with many diseases such as sacral fracture, tethered cord syndrome and sacral canal tumor. Spinal sacral nerve injury could cause bladder denervation and detrusor underactivity. There is limited clinical experience resolving spinal sacral nerve injury associated detrusor underactivity patients, and thus the treatment options are also scarce. In this study, we established a spinal sacral nerve injury animal model for deeper understanding and further researching of this disease. Forty 8 w (week) old Sprague Dawley rats were included and equally divided into sham (n = 20) and crush group (n = 20). Bilateral spinal sacral nerves of rats were crushed in crush group, and sham group received same procedure without nerve crush. Comprehensive evaluations at three time points (1 w, 4 w and 6 w) were performed to comprehend the nature process of this disease. According to urodynamic test, ultrasonography and retrograde urography, we could demonstrate severe bladder dysfunction after spinal sacral nerve injury along the observation period compared with sham group. These functional changes were further reflected by histological examination (hematoxylin-eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining) of microstructure of nerves and bladders. Immunostaining of nerve/bladder revealed schwann cell death, axon degeneration and collagen remodeling of bladder. Polymerase Chain Reaction results revealed vigorous nerve inflammation and bladder fibrosis 1 week after injury and inflammation/fibrosis returned to normal at 4 w. The CatWalk gait analysis was performed and there was no obvious difference between two groups. In conclusion, we established a reliable and reproducible model for spinal sacral nerve injury, this model provided an approach to evaluate the treatment strategies and to understand the pathological process of spinal sacral nerve injuries. It allowed us to understand how nerve degeneration and bladder fibrosis changed following spinal sacral nerve injury and how recovery could be facilitated by therapeutic options for further research.

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Retrograde CT urethrography using a power injector quantitatively reveals effects of bladder distension on urethral size in healthy male Beagle dogs

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

The urethra of healthy female dogs can be normally narrowed due to the urethral flexure in retrograde CT urethrography

The urethra of healthy female dogs can be normally narrowed due to the urethral flexure in retrograde CT urethrography

Urinary flow through urethras with a rough lumen

Functional, morphological and molecular characteristics in a novel rat model of spinal sacral nerve injury-surgical approach, pathological process and clinical relevance

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