The urethra of healthy female dogs can be normally narrowed due to the urethral flexure in retrograde CT urethrography

Kang, Kee Ryeon; Kim, Kyeonga; So, Jaebeom; Lee, Jieun; Jang, Yong-Seok; Choi, Jeongwoo; Choi, Mincheol; Yoon, Junghee

doi:10.1111/vru.12926

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(20 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In healthy dogs, the pelvic location of the bladder neck can be an incidental finding, although it has been associated with urinary incontinence 25 . Urinary obstruction caused by a flexure of the urethra has been reported in three male Yorkshire terriers with pelvic bladders 23,24 . We suggest that the relatively high incidence of urethral flexures in dogs with PH is due to the caudal displacement of the prostate toward or into the hernia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…25 Urinary obstruction caused by a flexure of the urethra has been reported in three male Yorkshire terriers with pelvic bladders. 23,24 We suggest that the relatively high incidence of urethral flexures in dogs with PH is due to the caudal displacement of the prostate toward or into the hernia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…An S‐shaped flexure of the urethra was found in 60.9% of PH dogs, an anomaly that, to the authors’ knowledge, has not been described in previous literature on PH. Although the incidence of urethral flexures in male dogs is thought to be uncommon, in bitches, it is associated with the intrapelvic location of the bladder 23,24 . In healthy dogs, the pelvic location of the bladder neck can be an incidental finding, although it has been associated with urinary incontinence 25 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

CT imaging of dogs with perineal hernia reveals large prostates with morphological and spatial abnormalities

Åhlberg

Salonen

Laitinen‐Vapaavuori

et al. 2022

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The etiology of canine perineal hernia (PH) remains unclear, although as a disease of older male dogs, it is likely to be hormonal. The role of the prostate in the formation of PH has been questioned; however, prospective and systematic evaluation of prostates in these dogs is absent in the literature. In this prospective case–control study, CT imaging was used to assess prostatic changes in dogs with PH (n = 46) and compare these findings with those of intact age‐matched male dogs (n = 23). Using the OsiriX® DICOM viewer, we measured prostatic volume and correlated it with the size of the dog by using the length of the sixth lumbar vertebra. In addition, we recorded spatial and morphological changes of the prostate, such as heterogenicity, intra‐ and paraprostatic cysts, and mineralizations, as well as prostatic location and rotation. We found that dogs with PH had larger prostates (P < .001) that more often contained cysts (P < .001) and had larger cyst diameters (P = .013) than age‐matched controls. Prostates of PH dogs also contained paraprostatic cysts (17.4%) and focal mineralizations (32.6%), which were absent in the control group. Abnormal rotation and location of the prostate were common in dogs with PH. In conclusion, these findings support the use of CT as an adjunct diagnostic imaging modality for the evaluation of the prostate in dogs with PH. Further studies are needed to evaluate nonprostatic CT findings in the pelvic cavity of PH dogs.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

CT imaging of dogs with perineal hernia reveals large prostates with morphological and spatial abnormalities

Åhlberg

Salonen

Laitinen‐Vapaavuori

et al. 2022

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As a result of retrograde urethrography in one study, the degree of bladder distention had an effect on the lumen distention of the proximal urethra, but had no significant effect on the distal urethra in both female and male dogs ( 17 ). Another study also revealed through CT urethrography that the closer to the proximal side, the more affected the urethral lumen diameter with the distention of the bladder in female dogs ( 20 ). This result may have been influenced by the smaller muscle mass of the proximal urethra compared to the distal urethra ( 20 , 21 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Another study also revealed through CT urethrography that the closer to the proximal side, the more affected the urethral lumen diameter with the distention of the bladder in female dogs ( 20 ). This result may have been influenced by the smaller muscle mass of the proximal urethra compared to the distal urethra ( 20 , 21 ). Based on these studies, the most distal urethra may have the least effects depending on the degree of distention of the bladder.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Evaluation of urethral thickness using ultrasonography in healthy small-breed dogs

Kim

Ji²,

Choo³

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IntroductionUrethral thickness measurements can be indicative of the pathological state of a patient; however to the best of our knowledge, no measurement reference range has been established in small-breed dogs. This study aimed to establish reference ranges for total urethral thickness and urethral wall thickness in healthy small-breed dogs; “urethral wall thickness” was assumed to be 1/2 of the “total urethral thickness.”MethodsTotal urethral thickness was measured by ultrasonography in 240 healthy small-breed dogs. In both female and male dogs, the thickness was measured in the mid-sagittal plane. In female dogs, it was measured immediately before the pelvic bone. In male dogs, it was measured caudal to the prostate and cranial to the pelvic bone. The total urethral thickness we measured is the total thickness of the collapsed urethra, which is the sum of the thicknesses of the dorsal and ventral urethral wall.ResultsThe mean value of total urethral thickness was 3.15 ± 0.83 mm (urethral wall thickness, 1.58 ± 0.41 mm) in 240 small-breed dogs. The total urethral thickness was significantly greater in male dogs than in female dogs (p < 0.001), even when compared among the same breeds (p < 0.05). The mean value of the total urethral thickness in females was 2.78 ± 0.60 mm (urethral wall thickness, 1.39 ± 0.30 mm), and 3.53 ± 0.86 mm (urethral wall thickness, 1.76 ± 0.43 mm) in males. There was very weak positive correlation between body weight (BW) and total urethral thickness (R2 = 0.109; β = 0.330; p < 0.001). Intraobserver reliability measured by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.986 (p < 0.001) and interobserver reliability measured by ICC was 0.966 (p < 0.001).DiscussionThis study described the differences in total urethral thickness between breeds, sexes, and sterilization status, and the correlation between BW and total urethral thickness. Furthermore, this is the first study to provide reference ranges of total urethral thickness and urethral wall thickness in small-breed dogs using ultrasonography, and is expected to be useful for urethral evaluation in veterinary diagnostic imaging.

show abstract

Urinary flow through urethras with a rough lumen

Yang,

Chen,

Bracher

et al. 2023

Neurourology and Urodynamics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aims: This study investigates how lumen roughness and urethral length influence urinary flow speed.Methods: We used micro-computed tomography scans to measure the lumen roughness and dimensions for rabbits, cats, and pigs. We designed and fabricated three-dimensional-printed urethra mimics of varying roughness and length to perform flow experiments. We also developed a corresponding mathematical model to rationalize the observed flow speed.Results: We update the previously reported relationship between body mass and urethra length and diameter, now including 41 measurements for urethra length and 10 measurements for diameter. We report the relationship between lumen diameter and roughness as a function of position down the urethra for rabbits, cats, and pigs. The time course of urinary speed from our mimics is reported, as well as the average speed as a function of urethra length. Conclusions: Based on the behavior of our mimics, we conclude that the lumen roughness in mammals reduces flow speed by up to 25% compared to smooth urethras. Urine flows fastest when the urethra length exceeds 25 times

show abstract

The urethra of healthy female dogs can be normally narrowed due to the urethral flexure in retrograde CT urethrography

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

CT imaging of dogs with perineal hernia reveals large prostates with morphological and spatial abnormalities

CT imaging of dogs with perineal hernia reveals large prostates with morphological and spatial abnormalities

Evaluation of urethral thickness using ultrasonography in healthy small-breed dogs

Urinary flow through urethras with a rough lumen

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About