“…Assibey-Mensah (1997), for example, argued that minority male youth may not readily identify with these academic figures because they have learned to identify with representations that are unrelated to achievement (i.e., identifying with popular athletes or entertainers) or that contrast achievement (i.e., achieving in school is not "a Latino male thing to do"). Ogbu and Simons (1998) presented a similar argument in their theory of oppositional culture (Flores-Gonzalez, 2005;Fordham, 1996;Fordham & Ogbu, 1986;Ogbu, 1987Ogbu, , 1991Ogbu, , 2003 and claimed that ethnic minorities can develop an identity or culture that opposes school achievement because it reflects White American culture.…”