Polymorphism of the fourth complement component in the dog and linkage to the DLA System

Distribution of complement protein C4 concentrations in bovine plasma

“…Very recently it was demonstrated by O'Neill et al (1984) by SDS-PAGE that in canine C4 two C4 a chains differing in relative molecular mass by about 8000 are present. Their interpretation of this observation, based on the family data included, was that the two a chains detected were encoded by alleles of the C4 structural gene and that these data were consistent with the single-locus model for canine C4 proposed previously by Grosse-Wilde et al (1983) and Kay & Dawkins (1984). While it is possible that the two bovine C4 a chains reported here may also prove to be products of allelic genes, this is believed unlikely for the reasons summarized above.…”

“…The most likely explanation for these findings is that bovine C4 is encoded by two structural loci expressing codominant alleles. This model is the same as that currently proposed for human C4 but differs from that proposed for guinea pigs, hamsters and dogs, in which a single C4 locus is believed to exist (Bitter-Suermann et al, 1977;Grosse-Wilde et al, 1983).…”

DogMap: an international collaboration toward a low-resolution canine genetic marker map

“…Another major factor hampering the development of a canine genetic marker map was the lack of a standard karyotype due to the difficulty of chromosome analysis in dog. Therefore first mapping efforts were restricted to the establishment of synteny groups by means of somatic cell hybrid panel analysis (e.g., Bruns et al 1978;Meera Khan et al 1984;Oldenburg et al 1987;Wilson and Adari 1987) and linkage analysis of expressed genes (e.g., Brinkhouse et al 1973;Grosse-Wilde et al 1983;Meera Khan et al 1978). Only with the development of PCRable canine genetic markers, notably microsatellites ( Francisco et al 1996;Holmes et al 1993Holmes et al , 1994Holmes et al , 1995Mariat et al 1996;Mellersh et al 1994;Mellersh and Sampson 1993;Molyneux and Batt 1994;Ostrander et al 1992Ostrander et al , 1993Ostrander et al , 1995Primmer et al 1994;Rothuizen and van Raak 1994;Shibuya et al 1993Shibuya et al , 1994Thomas et al 1997), in the early 1990s became the establishment of canine genetic marker maps feasible ( Lingaas et At locus 1 the allele frequencies were set to 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 (PIC ϭ 0.466), at locus 2 they were set to 0.1, 0.2, 0.2, and 0.5 (PIC ϭ 0.610) and the true theta was set to 0.1.…”

Revised classification of the DLA loci by serological studies

“…The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the dog (DLA) codes for three classes of gene products, similar to most other vertebrate species studied (van Dam 1981, Grosse-Wilde et al 1983. While the serologically defined genetic loci (DLA-A,B,C) control a total of 15 class I alloantigens, one locus (DLA-D) recognized by reactivity in the mixed lymphocyte culture and coding for at least 10 alleles (Grosse-Wilde et al 1975, Vriesendorp et al 1977, Joint Report of the 3rd International Workshop on Canine Immunogenetics) represents class I1 antigens.…”