Polymeric drug delivery systems for intraoral site‐specific chemoprevention of oral cancer

Abstract

Oral cancer is among the most prevalent cancers in the world. Moreover, it is one of the major health problems and causes of death in many regions of the world. The traditional treatment modalities include surgical removal, radiation therapy, systemic chemotherapy, or a combination of these methods. In recent decades, there has been significant interest in intraoral site-specific chemoprevention via local drug delivery using polymeric systems. Because of its easy accessibility and clear visibility, the oral mucosa is amenable for local drug delivery. A variety of polymeric systems-such as gels, tablets, films, patches, injectable systems (e.g., millicylindrical implants, microparticles, and in situ-forming depots), and nanosized carriers (e.g., polymeric nanoparticles, nanofibers, polymer-drug conjugates, polymeric micelles, nanoliposomes, nanoemulsions, and polymersomes)-have been developed and evaluated for the local delivery of natural and synthetic chemopreventive agents. The findings of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies and the positive outcome of clinical trials demonstrate that intraoral site-specific drug delivery is an attractive, highly effective and patient-friendly strategy for the management of oral cancer. Intraoral site-specific drug delivery provides unique therapeutic advantages when compared to systemic chemotherapy. Moreover, intraoral drug delivery systems are self-administrable and can be removed when needed, increasing patient compliance. This article covers important aspects and advances related to the design, development, and efficacy of polymeric systems for intraoral site-specific drug delivery. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1383-1413, 2018.

Nanodrug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer

“…Ovarian carcinoma is commonly identified in late stages due to comparative lack of early detection and diagnostic techniques in early stages [44]. The delivery and controlled release of therapeutics for site-specific targeted chemotherapy and imaging for early cancer identification are of great pertinence [76,77]. Imaging involves visualization of OC disease development, treatment efficacy and bio-distribution of therapeutics to the tumour, or investigation of molecular biomarkers [78].…”

“…Polymeric nanomicelle systems, including iodine-containing PLL-PEG nanomicelles, are employed for cancer diagnostic imaging, utilizing conventional sectional tomography (CT) imaging and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography SPECT using gamma rays. Furthermore, to monitor nanomicelles formulations and exchanges in cancer disease, nanomicelle co-encapsulated with imaging clustered/chelated metallic groups have been employed, for example, in gold compounds, manganese oxide-loaded nanoparticles, as well as being utilized with ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [76]. Currently, gadolinium (Gd)-contrast medium, including Magnevist ® , are medically employed where visual contrast is increased by limiting the T1 reduction period (period of high longitudinal magnetization with brighter image) of aqueous protons.…”

“…When nonfunctionalised nanomicelles have significant continual blood circulation period and successfully accumulate in tumour tissue through the passive enhanced permeability effect (EPR), this is indicative of passive targeting [76,108]. The therapeutic payloads are distributed to the tumour extracellular matrix and dispensed into the tumour cells and tissues.…”

“…These properties include the architecture of leaky tumour blood vasculature, impaired lymphatic drainage scheme, and increase in formation of permeability agents [109][110][111][112]. Several passive targeting nanocarrier systems have a PEG coating for stealth and "concealment" properties, including Genexol-PM, SP1049C, NK911, Opaxio™ (formerly Xyotax™), CRLX101, ProLindac™, SPI-77 and CPT-11 [76].…”

Cancer Chemoprevention Using Nanotechnology-Based Approaches

“…and have shown potential in inhibiting of various types of cancers (Wang et al, 2017;Han et al, 2019;Rahbarghazi et al, 2019;Wu et al, 2019) For the site-specific local treatment and chemoprevention of oral squamous cell carcinoma, several polymeric drug delivery systems have been developed using nanotechnology which has shown enhanced activity (Desai, 2018;Ketabat et al, 2019). Some studies include drugs nanoformulations such as naringenin NPs, ellagic acid chitosan NPs, which showed significant enhancement in both bioavailability and efficacy (Arulmozhi et al, 2013;Sulfikkarali et al, 2013;Desai, 2018). In addition, cisplatin when encapsulated in polymeric micelles was reported to eliminate cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity (Endo et al, 2013;Desai, 2018).…”