Polymeric and low molecular weight shale inhibitors: A review

Ahmed, Hafiz Mudaser; Kamal, Muhammad Shahzad; Al‐Harthi, Mamdouh A.

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.04.038

Cited by 160 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 134 publications

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“…It is generally believed that the low hydration energy and small ionic radius of K + ensure its embedding into the clay. SIAT and Ultrahib are able to enter the tetrahedral layer and compress the diffuse electric double layer of shale due to their small volume [5,7,8].…”

Section: Linear Swelling Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the temporary and low level of shale inhibition has limited their widespread application [5][6][7]. To overcome the performance-related shortcomings, some copolymers such as HPAM (Hydrolyzed polyacrylamide), hyperbranched polyglycerols, FA-367 (a zwitterionic polymer), PDADMAC (Polydimethyl allyl ammonium chloride) and polyamines have been investigated [8]. Researchers have reported studies on acrylamide-based hydrophobic associating polymers as shale inhibitors [9,10], but there are still some shortcomings to be overcome, such as poor temperature resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Inhibition Property and Mechanism of a Novel Low Molecular Weight Zwitterionic Copolymer for Improving Wellbore Stability

Slaný

Wang

et al. 2020

Polymers

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In this work, a novel low molecular weight zwitterionic copolymer for improving wellbore stability, which is expected to be an alternative to the current shale inhibitors, was obtained by copolymerization of tris hydroxyethyl allyl ammonium bromide (THAAB), 2-acrylamido-2- methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and acrylamide (AM), initiated by a redox initiation system in an aqueous solution. The copolymer, denoted as SX-1, was characterized by FT-IR, TGA-DSC, and GPC. Results demonstrated that the molecular weight of SX-1 was approximately 13,683 g/mol and it displayed temperature resistance up to 225 °C. Regarding the inhibition performance, evaluation experiments showed the hot rolling recovery of a Longmaxi shale sample in 2.0 wt % SX-1 solutions was up to 90.31% after hot rolling for 16 h at 120 °C. The Linear swelling height of Na-MMT artificial core in 2.0 wt % SX-1 solution was just 4.74 mm after 16 h. Methods including particle size analysis, FTIR, XRD, and SEM were utilized to study the inhibition mechanism of SX-1; results demonstrated that SX-1 had entered into the inner layer of sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) and adsorbed on the inner surface, and the micro-structure of Na-MMT was successfully changed by SX-1. The particle size of Na-MMT in distilled water was 8.05 μm, and it was observed that its size had increased to 603 μm after the addition of 2.0 wt % of SX-1. Its superior properties make this novel low molecular weight copolymer promising for ensuring wellbore stability, particularly for high temperature wells.

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Section: Linear Swelling Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Inhibition Property and Mechanism of a Novel Low Molecular Weight Zwitterionic Copolymer for Improving Wellbore Stability

Slaný

Wang

et al. 2020

Polymers

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“…During the drilling operation, drilling fluids are required to perform different functions such as the transport of cuttings, managing hydrostatic head, lubrication of bit, reducing fluid loss, and prevention of shale swelling (Ahmed et al, 2019;Caenn et al, 2017). Drilling fluids are broadly classified as oil-based mud and water-based mud.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These surfactants are adsorbed on the surface of swelling clays. Their hydrophobic tails work as a repellent and prevent water penetration (Ahmed et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clay Swelling Inhibition Using Novel Cationic Gemini Surfactants with Different Spacers

Murtaza

Kamal

Hussain

et al. 2020

J Surfact & Detergents

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Hydration of shale formation by water‐based drilling fluids leads to several problems, such as the collapse of boreholes, tight holes, and stuck pipe, which may impede further drilling and time loss in rectifying the problems, leading to heavy economic losses. This study reports the development of new gemini cationic surfactants as shale‐swelling inhibitors. These gemini surfactants are structurally similar but differ in terms of the spacer group. Saturated butyl group (GS1) and unsaturated 2‐butenyl (GS2) and 2‐butynyl (GS3) were introduced as spacer groups of gemini surfactants. To assess the performance of new gemini cationic surfactants, two reliable clay sources were considered. The first clay is from an unconventional formation and the second clay is sodium bentonite. The inhibition characteristics of gemini surfactants were evaluated using dynamic swelling, hot rolling, rheology, and filtration experiments. Different formulations based on commercially available solutions for shale‐swelling inhibitors were applied and compared with cationic shale inhibitors. It was observed that the new gemini cationic surfactants with different spacers (saturated and unsaturated) reduced the shale swelling by different percentages. The GS2 surfactant, containing an unsaturated double bond proved to be a good swelling inhibitor as compared to GS1 and GS3. It also showed acceptable performance compared with the common shale inhibitor (KCl) used in the industry. The addition of surfactant has less impact on the rheological properties as compared to KCl. The filtration properties of the base mud were unchanged when surfactants were used. However, the commercial inhibitor, KCl, significantly increased the filtration volume that is associated with the disintegration of the clay. In summary, unlike commercial inhibitors, the synthesized surfactants reduced the clay swelling without affecting the other properties of the drilling fluids.

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“…On the other hand, water-based mud (WBM) provides excellent rheological properties, has low preparation cost, and is environmentally friendly compared to the OBM [ 19 , 20 ]. However, the water contents in the WBM have a high affinity towards the water-sensitive shale in the wellbore formations, which leads to the hydration and swelling of shale [ 21 , 22 ]. Various additives (shale inhibitors) were employed in the formulation of drilling fluids to modify the shale swelling and hydration properties [ 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Clay Hydration and Swelling Inhibition Using Quaternary Ammonium Dicationic Surfactant with Phenyl Linker

et al. 2020

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Water-based drilling fluids are extensively used for drilling oil and gas wells. However, water-based muds cause clay swelling, which severely affects the stability of wellbore. Due to two adsorption positions, it is expected that cationic gemini surfactants can reduce the clay swelling. In this work, quaternary ammonium dicationic gemini surfactants containing phenyl linkers and different counterions (Cl− and Br−) were synthesized, and the effect of variation in counterions on swelling and hydration properties of shales was studied. Numerous water-based drilling fluid formulations were prepared with different concentrations of surfactants to study the swelling inhibition capacity of surfactants. The performance of surfactant-containing drilling muds was evaluated by comparing them with base drilling mud, and sodium silicate drilling mud. Various experimental techniques were employed to study drilling mud characteristics such as rheology and filtration. The inhibition properties of drilling mud formulations were determined by linear swelling experiment, capillary suction time test, particle size distribution measurement, wettability measurements, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Experimental results showed that surfactant-based formulation containing bromide counterion exhibited superior rheological properties as compared to other investigated formulations. The filtration test showed that the gemini surfactant with chloride counterion had higher filtrate loss compared to all other formulations. The bentonite swelling was significantly reduced with increasing the concentration of dicationic surfactants as inhibitors, and maximum reduction in the linear swelling rate was observed by using a formulation containing surfactant with chloride counterion. The lowest capillary suction timer (CST) was obtained in the formulation containing surfactant with chloride counterion as less CST indicated the enhanced inhibition capacity. The particle size measurement showed that average bentonite particle size increased upon the addition of surfactants depicting the inhibition capacity. The increase in basal spacing obtained from XRD analysis showed the intercalation of gemini surfactants in interlayers of bentonite. The contact angle measurements were performed to study the wettability of the bentonite film surface, and the results showed that hydrophobicity increased by incorporating the surfactants to the drilling fluid.

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Polymeric and low molecular weight shale inhibitors: A review

Cited by 160 publications

References 134 publications

The Inhibition Property and Mechanism of a Novel Low Molecular Weight Zwitterionic Copolymer for Improving Wellbore Stability

The Inhibition Property and Mechanism of a Novel Low Molecular Weight Zwitterionic Copolymer for Improving Wellbore Stability

Clay Swelling Inhibition Using Novel Cationic Gemini Surfactants with Different Spacers

Evaluation of Clay Hydration and Swelling Inhibition Using Quaternary Ammonium Dicationic Surfactant with Phenyl Linker

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