Clay Swelling Inhibition Using Novel Cationic Gemini Surfactants with Different Spacers

Murtaza, Mobeen; Kamal, Muhammad Shahzad; Hussain, Syed Muhammad Shakil; Mahmoud, Mohamed

doi:10.1002/jsde.12420

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…The increased fluid loss and filter cake thickness of PC and PB formulation can be explained by the intercalation of surfactant molecules into the layers of clay. The increase in the filtrate loss was also observed with the inclusion of KCl as a shale inhibitor in the drilling mud, as reported by Mobeen et al [ 51 ]. The filtrate loss volume of less than 15 mL is considered favorable for a smooth drilling operation.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

“…It was noticed that surfactants showed promising potential as a swelling inhibitor by modifying the surface properties of the clay. There was little focus on the potential use of gemini cationic surfactants as a shale inhibitor [ 50 , 51 ]. Gemini surfactants are a class of surfactant that contains more than one head and tail group connected with a spacer [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gemini surfactants used in this study possess two long-chain hydrophobic chains along with ethoxy groups attached with two quaternary ammonium heads, and the quaternary ammonium heads are connected through a spacer or linker, which impart the distinctive characteristics to the gemini surfactants [ 64 ]. The quaternary ammonium ions chemically interact with the clay minerals present in the shale, and long-chain hydrophobic groups encapsulate the shale surface protecting the interaction with water [ 50 , 51 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 67 ]. Gao et al used the novel gemini surfactant 2,2′-bis(dodecyldimethylammonio)-ethyl ether dichloride to prepare the organophilic clay [ 68 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Clay Hydration and Swelling Inhibition Using Quaternary Ammonium Dicationic Surfactant with Phenyl Linker

et al. 2020

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Water-based drilling fluids are extensively used for drilling oil and gas wells. However, water-based muds cause clay swelling, which severely affects the stability of wellbore. Due to two adsorption positions, it is expected that cationic gemini surfactants can reduce the clay swelling. In this work, quaternary ammonium dicationic gemini surfactants containing phenyl linkers and different counterions (Cl− and Br−) were synthesized, and the effect of variation in counterions on swelling and hydration properties of shales was studied. Numerous water-based drilling fluid formulations were prepared with different concentrations of surfactants to study the swelling inhibition capacity of surfactants. The performance of surfactant-containing drilling muds was evaluated by comparing them with base drilling mud, and sodium silicate drilling mud. Various experimental techniques were employed to study drilling mud characteristics such as rheology and filtration. The inhibition properties of drilling mud formulations were determined by linear swelling experiment, capillary suction time test, particle size distribution measurement, wettability measurements, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Experimental results showed that surfactant-based formulation containing bromide counterion exhibited superior rheological properties as compared to other investigated formulations. The filtration test showed that the gemini surfactant with chloride counterion had higher filtrate loss compared to all other formulations. The bentonite swelling was significantly reduced with increasing the concentration of dicationic surfactants as inhibitors, and maximum reduction in the linear swelling rate was observed by using a formulation containing surfactant with chloride counterion. The lowest capillary suction timer (CST) was obtained in the formulation containing surfactant with chloride counterion as less CST indicated the enhanced inhibition capacity. The particle size measurement showed that average bentonite particle size increased upon the addition of surfactants depicting the inhibition capacity. The increase in basal spacing obtained from XRD analysis showed the intercalation of gemini surfactants in interlayers of bentonite. The contact angle measurements were performed to study the wettability of the bentonite film surface, and the results showed that hydrophobicity increased by incorporating the surfactants to the drilling fluid.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Clay Hydration and Swelling Inhibition Using Quaternary Ammonium Dicationic Surfactant with Phenyl Linker

et al. 2020

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“…The immersion test (free swelling) was conducted to further strengthen the observations of linear swelling tests. The Na-Mt pellets normally exhibited higher swelling when immersed in DI water compared to the treated solution, indicating high swelling ability and strong hydration of Na-Mt. ,, In this work, we conducted the free swelling test where the Na-Mt pellets were exposed to different ILs in an open glass plate. Under room conditions (25 °C and 1 atm), 75 mL of each ILs was transferred into the glass plate containing Na-Mt pellets.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids as Clay Swelling Inhibitors: Mechanism, Performance Evaluation, and Effect of Different Anions

et al. 2020

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Clay swelling is one of the challenges faced by the oil industry. Water-based drilling fluids (WBDF) are commonly used in drilling operations. The selection of WBDF depends on its performance to improve rheology, hydration properties, and fluid loss control. However, WBDF may result in clay swelling in shale formations during drilling. In this work, the impact of imidazolium-based ionic liquids on the clay swelling was investigated. The studied ionic liquids have a common cation group, 1-allyl-3-methyllimidozium, but differ in anions (bromide, iodide, chloride, and dicyanamide). The inhibition behavior of ionic liquids was assessed by linear swell test, inhibition test, capillary suction test, rheology, filtration, contact angle measurement, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was observed that the ionic liquids with different anions reduced the clay swelling. Ionic liquids having a dicyanamide anion showed slightly better swelling inhibition performance compared to other inhibitors. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the water tendency to damage the clay structure, displaying asymmetrical cavities and sharp edges. Nevertheless, the addition of an ionic liquid to sodium bentonite (clay) exhibited fewer cavities and a smooth and dense surface. XRD results showed the increase in d-spacing, demonstrating the intercalation of ionic liquids in interlayers of clay. The results showed that the clay swelling does not strongly depend on the type of anion in imidazolium-based ILs. However, the type of anion in imidazolium-based ILs influences the rheological properties. The performance of ionic liquids was compared with that of the commonly used clay inhibitor (sodium silicate) in the oil and gas industry. ILs showed improved performance compared to sodium silicate. The studied ionic liquids can be an attractive alternative for commercial clay inhibitors as their impact on the other properties of the drilling fluids was less compared to commercial inhibitors.

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“…Gemini surfactants have two lipophobic heads and two lipophilic tail groups connected by a spacer group . The spacer group plays an important role in determining the physicochemical properties. , The spacer group can also affect the clay swelling inhibition performance …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(Oxyethylene)-amidoamine Based Gemini Cationic Surfactants with Hydrophilic Spacers as Clay Stabilizers

et al. 2020

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Water-based drilling fluids cause severe formation damage upon interaction with clay-based formations. Therefore, clay inhibitors are commonly used in the oil and gas industry to prevent clay swelling. The selection of a swelling inhibitor is critical and requires careful understanding. This study reports the application of poly(oxyethylene)-amidoamine based cationic gemini surfactants (GSs) as clay swelling inhibitors. These surfactants are different due to the hydrophilicity of the spacer. The synthesized surfactants contain a diethyl ether spacer (GS-A), a secondary amine spacer (GS-B), or an isopropyl alcohol spacer (GS-C). The swelling inhibition was determined with a linear swelling test, a capillary suction timer (CST), a wettability test, X-ray diffraction, particle size, rheology, and filtration experiments. The synthesized surfactants decreased the clay swelling compared to the base mud. The surfactant with a secondary amine spacer (GS-B) showed the best performance compared to the other surfactants. Moreover, the surfactant showed comparable performances with a commonly used clay stabilizer (KCl) and the commercially available cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) used in the industry. It was observed that the synthesized surfactants reduced rheological properties and increased the particle size of bentonite and the filtration volume. The proposed gemini cationic surfactants can be used as an alternative for commercial clay swelling inhibitors.

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Clay Swelling Inhibition Using Novel Cationic Gemini Surfactants with Different Spacers

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Evaluation of Clay Hydration and Swelling Inhibition Using Quaternary Ammonium Dicationic Surfactant with Phenyl Linker

Evaluation of Clay Hydration and Swelling Inhibition Using Quaternary Ammonium Dicationic Surfactant with Phenyl Linker

Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids as Clay Swelling Inhibitors: Mechanism, Performance Evaluation, and Effect of Different Anions

Poly(Oxyethylene)-amidoamine Based Gemini Cationic Surfactants with Hydrophilic Spacers as Clay Stabilizers

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