Polymer artificial muscles

Mirfakhrai, Tissaphern; Madden, John D. W.; Baughman, Ray H.

doi:10.1016/s1369-7021(07)70048-2

Cited by 851 publications

(678 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…[125][126][127][128] By analogy with the consecutive events taking place during actuation of natural muscles they were named artificial muscles. 42 12.1.1 Dual Sensing-Actuators: Sensing and Tactile Artificial Muscles.…”

Section: Artificial Muscles: Polymeric Electrical Motorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomimetic Conducting Polymers: Synthesis, Materials, Properties, Functions, and Devices

Otero

2013

Polymer Reviews

129

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Electro-generations of conducting polymers are fast processes through a complex mechanism of parallel reactions giving mixed materials. The films are three-dimensional electrochemical reactors: reactive macromolecules, ions, and solvent. The film composition and its related properties reviewed here change by oxidation/reduction along several orders of magnitude under control. One reaction shifts different properties (multifunctionality). In one device several reaction driven tools, actuators and sensor, work simultaneously (full integration

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Section: Artificial Muscles: Polymeric Electrical Motorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomimetic Conducting Polymers: Synthesis, Materials, Properties, Functions, and Devices

Otero

2013

Polymer Reviews

129

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“…These systems are difficult to seal, are heavy and bulky, especially considering the pumps and compressors needed and they also suffer from static friction [9]. In the last two decades, a wide range of artificial muscles has been introduced and developed [7,10]. Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) in particular have shown a great capability for fabricating robots and surgery tools because of their similarity to biological muscles as well as high actuation force per mass [11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of geometry and material properties on the performance of a small hydraulic McKibben muscle system

Sangian

Naficy

Spinks

et al. 2015

Sensors and Actuators A: Physical

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Fluidic McKibben artificial muscles are one of the most popular biomimetic actuators, showing similar static and dynamic performance to skeletal muscles. In particular, their pneumatic version offers high-generated force, high speed and high strain in comparison to other actuators. This paper investigates the development of a small-size, fully enclosed, hydraulic McKibben muscle powered by a low voltage pump. Hydraulic McKibben muscles with an outside diameter of 6 mm and a length ranging from 35 mm to 80 mm were investigated. These muscles are able to generate forces up to 26 N, strains up to 23%, power to mass of 30 W/kg and tension intensity of 1.78 N/mm 2 at supply water pressure of 2.5 bar. The effects of injected pressure and inner tube stiffness on the actuation strain and force generation were studied and a simple model introduced to quantitatively estimate force and stroke generated for a given input pressure. This unique actuation system is lightweight and can be easily modified to be employed in small robotic systems where large movements in short time are required.  Effect of the bladder stiffness on Muscle performance is studied. A new and more accurate equation to predict the muscle performances is proposed. A sealed actuation system suitable for robotic machines with low voltage water pump is introduced. AbstractFluidic McKibben artificial muscles are one of the most popular biomimetic actuators, showing similar static and dynamic performance to skeletal muscles. In particular, their pneumatic version offers high-generated force, high speed and high strain in comparison to other actuators. This paper investigates the development of a small-size, fully enclosed, hydraulic McKibben muscle powered by a low voltage pump. Hydraulic McKibben muscles with an outside diameter of 6 mm and a length ranging from 35 mm to 80 mm were investigated. These muscles are able to generate forces up to 26 N, strains up to 23%, power to mass of 30 W/kg and tension intensity of 1.78 N/mm 2 at supply water pressure of 2.5 Bar. The effects of injected pressure and inner tube stiffness on the actuation strain and force generation were studied and a simple model introduced to quantitatively estimate force and stroke generated for a given input pressure. This unique actuation system is lightweight and can be easily modified to be employed in small robotic systems where large movements in short time are required.

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“…A closer look into the applications of piezoelectricity including biosensing, 3 energy generation, 4À6 pressure sensing, 7 high precision positioning, 8 artificial muscle and skin 9,10 reveals that thermally stable, flexible, and stretchable piezoelectric materials are required to be produced with high yields and in a cost-effective way for the fabrication of commercially feasible, large area, self-powering, and highly efficient devices. Although ceramic piezoelectric materials can present higher piezoelectric coefficients, they suffer from high brittleness, low cyclic endurance, high processing temperature and high production cost as well as toxic elemental composition in contrast to properties of polymer piezoelectric materials.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous High Piezoelectricity in Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Nanoribbons Produced by Iterative Thermal Size Reduction Technique

et al. 2014

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We produced kilometer-long, endlessly parallel, spontaneously piezoelectric and thermally stable poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) micro- and nanoribbons using iterative size reduction technique based on thermal fiber drawing. Because of high stress and temperature used in thermal drawing process, we obtained spontaneously polar γ phase PVDF micro- and nanoribbons without electrical poling process. On the basis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, we observed that PVDF micro- and nanoribbons are thermally stable and conserve the polar γ phase even after being exposed to heat treatment above the melting point of PVDF. Phase transition mechanism is investigated and explained using ab initio calculations. We measured an average effective piezoelectric constant as -58.5 pm/V from a single PVDF nanoribbon using a piezo evaluation system along with an atomic force microscope. PVDF nanoribbons are promising structures for constructing devices such as highly efficient energy generators, large area pressure sensors, artificial muscle and skin, due to the unique geometry and extended lengths, high polar phase content, high thermal stability and high piezoelectric coefficient. We demonstrated two proof of principle devices for energy harvesting and sensing applications with a 60 V open circuit peak voltage and 10 μA peak short-circuit current output. (Figure Presented). © 2014 American Chemical Society

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Polymer artificial muscles

Cited by 851 publications

References 54 publications

Biomimetic Conducting Polymers: Synthesis, Materials, Properties, Functions, and Devices

Biomimetic Conducting Polymers: Synthesis, Materials, Properties, Functions, and Devices

The effect of geometry and material properties on the performance of a small hydraulic McKibben muscle system

Spontaneous High Piezoelectricity in Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Nanoribbons Produced by Iterative Thermal Size Reduction Technique

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