Polycyclic and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution characteristics and carcinogenic risk assessment of indoor kitchen air during cooking periods in rural households in North China

Feng, Shuijuan; Shen, Xianbao; Hao, Xuewei; Cao, Xinyue; Xin, Li; Yao, Xiaolong; Shi, Yue; Lv, Tiantian; Yao, Zheng

doi:10.1007/s11356-020-11316-8

Cited by 25 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…According to Figure 1 , particulate phase PAHs accounted for less than one-third of the total PAH emissions but contributed 71.1% to 91.7% of the total BaPeq, indicating that gas phase PAHs were relatively less carcinogenic, while particulate phase PAHs were the dominant. This result might be attributed to the fact that the high molecular weight PAHs (4-, 5-, and 6-ring ones) were dominantly distributed in the particulate phase, which had high toxicity but rarely existed in the gas phase [ 1 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Particle Partitioning of PAHs Emissions from Typical Solid Fuel Combustions as Well as Their Health Risk Assessment in Rural Guanzhong Plain, China

Zhang

Peng

et al. 2023

Toxics

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Air pollutants from the incomplete combustion of rural solid fuels are seriously harmful to both air quality and human health. To quantify the health effects of different fuel–stove combinations, gas and particle partitioning of twenty-nine species of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from seven fuel–stove combinations were examined in this study, and the benzo (a) pyrene toxicity equivalent (BaPeq) and cancer risks were estimated accordingly. The results showed that the gas phase PAHs (accounting for 68–78% of the total PAHs) had higher emission factors (EFs) than particulate ones. For all combustion combinations, pPAHs accounted for the highest proportion (84.5% to 99.3%) in both the gas and particulate phases, followed by aPAHs (0.63–14.7%), while the proportions of nPAHs and oPAHs were much lower (2–4 orders of magnitude) than pPAHs. For BaPeq, particulate phase PAHs dominated the BaPeq rather than gas ones, which may be due to the greater abundance of 5-ring particle PAHs. Gas and particle pPAHs were both predominant in the BaPeq, with proportions of 95.2–98.6% for all combustion combinations. Cancer risk results showed a descending order of bituminous coal combustion (0.003–0.05), biomass burning (0.002–0.01), and clean briquette coal combustion (10−5–0.001), indicating that local residents caused a severe health threat by solid fuel combustion (the threshold: 10−4). The results also highlighted that clean briquette coal could reduce cancer risks by 1–2 orders of magnitude compared to bulk coal and biomass. For oPAH, BcdPQ (6H-benzo(c,d)pyrene-6-one) had the highest cancer risk, ranging from 4.83 × 10−5 to 2.45 × 10−4, which were even higher than the total of aPAHs and nPAHs. The dramatically high toxicity and cancer risk of PAHs from solid fuel combustion strengthened the necessity and urgency of clean heating innovation in Guanzhong Plain and in similar places.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Particle Partitioning of PAHs Emissions from Typical Solid Fuel Combustions as Well as Their Health Risk Assessment in Rural Guanzhong Plain, China

Zhang

Peng

et al. 2023

Toxics

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“…The study of Feng et al [ 29 ] aimed to assess various PAHs levels in gaseous samples collected from indoor kitchens, during cooking, in 35 rural houses in North China. They determined a high concentration of B[ a ]P both in the gaseous and particulate phases, which were 14.3 ± 23.0 ng/m 3 and 6.7 ± 17.4 ng/m 3 , respectively ( Table 2 ).…”

Section: Sources Of Human Exposure To B[ a ]Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity

Bukowska

Mokra

Michałowicz

2022

IJMS

156

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Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is the main representative of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and has been repeatedly found in the air, surface water, soil, and sediments. It is present in cigarette smoke as well as in food products, especially when smoked and grilled. Human exposure to B[a]P is therefore common. Research shows growing evidence concerning toxic effects induced by this substance. This xenobiotic is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP P450) to carcinogenic metabolite: 7β,8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPDE), which creates DNA adducts, causing mutations and malignant transformations. Moreover, B[a]P is epigenotoxic, neurotoxic, and teratogenic, and exhibits pro-oxidative potential and causes impairment of animals’ fertility. CYP P450 is strongly involved in B[a]P metabolism, and it is simultaneously expressed as a result of the association of B[a]P with aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), playing an essential role in the cancerogenic potential of various xenobiotics. In turn, polymorphism of CYP P450 genes determines the sensitivity of the organism to B[a]P. It was also observed that B[a]P facilitates the multiplication of viruses, which may be an additional problem with the widespread COVID-19 pandemic. Based on publications mainly from 2017 to 2022, this paper presents the occurrence of B[a]P in various environmental compartments and human surroundings, shows the exposure of humans to this substance, and describes the mechanisms of its toxicity.

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“…It was also found that household solid fuel use is associated with an increased stroke risk [39]. Indoor coal combustion processes are known for their contribution to the generation of highly hazardous PAH [40,41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Term Effects of “Polish Smog” on Cardiovascular Mortality in the Green Lungs of Poland: A Case-Crossover Study with 4,500,000 Person-Years (PL-PARTICLES Study)

et al. 2021

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Previous studies conducted in highly polluted areas have reported associations between air pollution and daily mortality. The Green Lungs of Poland are characterized by unique natural features and a moderate pollution level. We aimed to assess the short-term impact of air pollution on cardiovascular (CVD)-, acute coronary syndrome (ACS)-, and cerebrovascular-related (CbVD) mortality. An analysis with 4,500,000 person-years and a time-stratified case-crossover design was performed. The interquartile range increase in the PM2.5 (OR 1.036, 95% CI 1.016–1.056, p < 0.001) and PM10 concentration (OR 1.034, 95% CI 1.015–1.053, p < 0.001) was associated with increased CVD mortality on lag 0, and this effect persisted on the following days. The effects of PMs were expressed more in association with ACS-related mortality (PM2.5-OR = 1.045, 95% CI 1.012–1.080, p = 0.01; PM10-OR = 1.044, 95% CI 1.010–1.078, p = 0.01) and CbVD mortality (PM10-OR = 1.099, 95% CI 1.019–1.343, p = 0.02). We also noted a higher CVD mortality OR in the cold season for PM10 in cities with area-source domination: Białystok (p = 0.001) and Suwałki (p = 0.047). The short-term impact of PMs on cardiovascular mortality is also observed in moderately polluted areas. This adverse health effect was more apparent in CbVD- and ACS-related mortality, and in the cold season. Further research focusing on the adverse health effects of “Polish smog” is sorely needed.

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Polycyclic and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution characteristics and carcinogenic risk assessment of indoor kitchen air during cooking periods in rural households in North China

Cited by 25 publications

References 53 publications

Gas Particle Partitioning of PAHs Emissions from Typical Solid Fuel Combustions as Well as Their Health Risk Assessment in Rural Guanzhong Plain, China

Gas Particle Partitioning of PAHs Emissions from Typical Solid Fuel Combustions as Well as Their Health Risk Assessment in Rural Guanzhong Plain, China

Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity

Short-Term Effects of “Polish Smog” on Cardiovascular Mortality in the Green Lungs of Poland: A Case-Crossover Study with 4,500,000 Person-Years (PL-PARTICLES Study)

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