Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity

Bukowska, Bożena; Mokra, Katarzyna; Michałowicz, Jaromir

doi:10.3390/ijms23116348

Cited by 124 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…It was also shown that UV significantly impairs B[a]P metabolism, and decreases rather than increases immediate toxicity. However, it cannot be excluded that decreased metabolism leads to the accumulation of B[a]P and delayed genotoxic effects [ 124 , 125 , 126 ]. Nevertheless, air pollution’s effect on CBMN assay parameters in PBLs was noticed in several European cities and regions [ 56 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 ] as well as on the world scale [ 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 ] with outdoor city workers, such as traffic controllers, taxi drivers, and policemen, being at a greater risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associating Air Pollution with Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay Parameters in Lymphocytes of the General Population in Zagreb (Croatia)

Gajski

Gerić

Pehnec

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Air pollution is recognized as one of the most serious public health issues worldwide and was declared to be a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths. At the same time, the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay serves as a cancer predictive method that is extensively used in human biomonitoring for populations exposed to environmental contamination. The objective of this cross-sectional study is two-fold: to evaluate genomic instability in a sample (N = 130) of healthy, general population residents from Zagreb (Croatia), chronically exposed to different levels of air pollution, and to relate them to air pollution levels in the period from 2011 to 2015. Measured frequencies of CBMN assay parameters were in agreement with the baseline data for the general population of Croatia. Air pollution exposure was based on four factors obtained from a factor analysis of all exposure data obtained for the examined period. Based on the statistical results, we did not observe a significant positive association between any of the CBMN assay parameters tested and measured air pollution parameters for designated time windows, except for benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P) that showed significant negative association. Our results show that measured air pollution parameters are largely below the regulatory limits, except for B[a]P, and as such, they do not affect CBMN assay parameters’ frequency. Nevertheless, as air pollution is identified as a major health threat, it is necessary to conduct prospective studies investigating the effect of air pollution on genome integrity and human health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associating Air Pollution with Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay Parameters in Lymphocytes of the General Population in Zagreb (Croatia)

Gajski

Gerić

Pehnec

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…B[ a ]P is the most important among PAHs in all of the food samples because of its toxicity [ 2 , 3 , 41 , 42 ]. The B[ a ]P contents of traditional and industrial smoked cheeses were determined as 0.69 and 0.25 μg/kg, respectively ( p < 0.05).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Smoked Cheeses Made in Poland by HPLC Method

Polak-Śliwińska

Paszczyk

Śliwiński³

2022

Molecules

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Smoked cheeses are particularly popular among consumers for their flavor and aroma. Of interest, therefore, is the health aspect related to the likelihood of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are known carcinogens found in smoked products. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked and non-smoked cheeses purchased in Poland to monitor their safety. The level of selected PAHs in cheese samples was determined using the HPLC-DAD-FLD method. Most of the cheeses tested met the maximum level of benzo[a]pyrene (2 μg/kg) and the sum of benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene (12 μg/kg) established for these products. However, all the cheeses studied in this work had relatively low amounts of the sum of these compounds compared to the information available in the cheese literature, ranging from <LOD to 24.5 μg/kg. This amount does not pose a health risk to consumers. The predominant PAHs found were naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene and acenaphthene. Benzo[a]pyrene, the marker compound representing carcinogenic PAHs, was found in 100% and 0% of Polish smoked and non-smoked cheeses, respectively. Although there are currently no regulations for smoked cheeses and maximum concentrations of PAHs in this type of food product, control of PAHs content in cheeses is important due to the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of these chemicals.

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“…Two known E2F factors regulating DDR are E2F4 and E2F1 [ 27 , 29 ], which functionally counteract each other. For instance, E2F4 silencing in MCF7 epithelial breast cells treated with benzoapyrene, an environmental pollutant that triggers DNA damage [ 89 ], results in E2F1 derepression and the subsequent induction of DNA repair factors [ 90 ]. In primary neurons, the repair response to DSBs is also regulated by E2F1 and E2F4.…”

Section: E2f4 As a Multifactorial Regulatormentioning

confidence: 99%

E2F4DN Transgenic Mice: A Tool for the Evaluation of E2F4 as a Therapeutic Target in Neuropathology and Brain Aging

Ramón-Landreau

Sánchez‐Puelles

López-Sánchez

et al. 2022

IJMS

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E2F4 was initially described as a transcription factor with a key function in the regulation of cell quiescence. Nevertheless, a number of recent studies have established that E2F4 can also play a relevant role in cell and tissue homeostasis, as well as tissue regeneration. For these non-canonical functions, E2F4 can also act in the cytoplasm, where it is able to interact with many homeostatic and synaptic regulators. Since E2F4 is expressed in the nervous system, it may fulfill a crucial role in brain function and homeostasis, being a promising multifactorial target for neurodegenerative diseases and brain aging. The regulation of E2F4 is complex, as it can be chemically modified through acetylation, from which we present evidence in the brain, as well as methylation, and phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of E2F4 within a conserved threonine motif induces cell cycle re-entry in neurons, while a dominant negative form of E2F4 (E2F4DN), in which the conserved threonines have been substituted by alanines, has been shown to act as a multifactorial therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We generated transgenic mice neuronally expressing E2F4DN. We have recently shown using this mouse strain that expression of E2F4DN in 5xFAD mice, a known murine model of AD, improved cognitive function, reduced neuronal tetraploidization, and induced a transcriptional program consistent with modulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide proteostasis and brain homeostasis recovery. 5xFAD/E2F4DN mice also showed reduced microgliosis and astrogliosis in both the cerebral cortex and hippocampus at 3-6 months of age. Here, we analyzed the immune response in 1 year-old 5xFAD/E2F4DN mice, concluding that reduced microgliosis and astrogliosis is maintained at this late stage. In addition, the expression of E2F4DN also reduced age-associated microgliosis in wild-type mice, thus stressing its role as a brain homeostatic agent. We conclude that E2F4DN transgenic mice represent a promising tool for the evaluation of E2F4 as a therapeutic target in neuropathology and brain aging.

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Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity

Cited by 124 publications

References 170 publications

Associating Air Pollution with Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay Parameters in Lymphocytes of the General Population in Zagreb (Croatia)

Associating Air Pollution with Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay Parameters in Lymphocytes of the General Population in Zagreb (Croatia)

Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Smoked Cheeses Made in Poland by HPLC Method

E2F4DN Transgenic Mice: A Tool for the Evaluation of E2F4 as a Therapeutic Target in Neuropathology and Brain Aging

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