Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Synthesis, Gene Regulation, Phylogenetic Relationships, and Role in Fermentation

Hsueh, Yi-Huang; Huang, Kai-Yao; Kunene, Sikhumbuzo Charles; Lee, Tzong-Yi

doi:10.3390/ijms18122644

Cited by 66 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…We know that the gene cluster ( pgdS , pgsEACB ) involved in the synthesis γ-PGA are present in both strains B. velezensis 83 and B. velezensis FZB42 and they are of high identity (98%). Nevertheless, is known that B. velezensis 83 is a glutamic acid independent γ-PGA producing strain (Cristiano-Fajardo et al 2019 ) as other few Bacillus strains ( B. subtilis C10, Bacillus licheniformis A13, B. licheniformis TISTR 1010, B. methylotrophicus , B. subtilis NX2, B. amyloliquefaciens LL3) which only need glucose and NH 4 Cl as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for γ-PGA synthesis (Cao et al 2011 ; Hsueh et al 2017 ; Sha et al 2019 ). In contrast, lack of γ-PGA production by B. velezensis FZB42 could be explained due to a glutamate dependent mechanism.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus velezensis 83 a bacterial strain from mango phyllosphere, useful for biological control and plant growth promotion

et al. 2020

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Bacillus velezensis 83 was isolated from mango tree phyllosphere of orchards located in El Rosario, Sinaloa, México. The assessment of this strain as BCA (biological control agent), as well as PGPB (plant growth-promoting bacteria), were demonstrated through in vivo and in vitro assays. In vivo assays showed that B. velezensis 83 was able to control anthracnose (Kent mangoes) as efficiently as chemical treatment with Captan 50 PH™ or Cupravit hidro™. The inoculation of B. velezensis 83 to the roots of maize seedlings yielded an increase of 12% in height and 45% of root biomass, as compared with uninoculated seedlings. In vitro co-culture assays showed that B. velezensis 83 promoted Arabidopsis thaliana growth (root and shoot biomass) while, under the same experimental conditions, B. velezensis FZB42 (reference strain) had a suppressive effect on plant growth. In order to characterize the isolated strain, the complete genome sequence of B. velezensis 83 is reported. Its circular genome consists of 3,997,902 bp coding to 3949 predicted genes. The assembly and annotation of this genome revealed gene clusters related with plant-bacteria interaction and sporulation, as well as ten secondary metabolites biosynthetic gene clusters implicated in the biological control of phytopathogens. Despite the high genomic identity (> 98%) between B. velezensis 83 and B. velezensis FZB42, they are phenotypically different. Indeed, in vitro production of compounds such as surfactin and bacillomycin D (biocontrol activity) and γ-PGA (biofilm component) is significantly different between both strains.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus velezensis 83 a bacterial strain from mango phyllosphere, useful for biological control and plant growth promotion

et al. 2020

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“…PGA is another potential candidate due to its humectant properties 45,46 and its density dependent production 47 . To test whether PGA was responsible for the fluid extraction and the characteristic growth curves, we produced two deletion strains that targeted pgsB , the gene encoding the essential synthetase required for PGA production 48 . One strain possessed a deletion of pgsB , while the other possessed a deletion of the gene pgsB in the epsA-O background.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Density and temperature controlled fluid extraction in a bacterial biofilm is determined by poly-γ-glutamic acid production

Morris

Sukhodub

MacPhee

et al. 2020

Preprint

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A hallmark of microbial biofilms is the self-production of extracellular matrix that encases the cells resident within the community. The matrix provides protection from the environment, while spatial heterogeneity of expression influences the structural morphology and colony spreading dynamics. Bacillus subtilis is a model bacterial system used to uncover the regulatory pathways and key building blocks required for biofilm growth and development. Previous reports have suggested that poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) production is suppressed during biofilm formation and does not play a major role in biofilm morphology of the undomesticated isolate NCIB 3610. In this work we report on the observation of multiple travelling fronts that develop during the early stage of B. subtilis colony biofilm formation. We find the emergence of a highly motile population of bacteria that is facilitated by the extraction of fluid from the underlying agar substrate. Motility develops behind a moving front of fluid that propagates from the boundary of the biofilm towards the interior. The extent of proliferation is strongly modulated by the presence of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). We trace the origin of this moving front of fluid to the production of PGA. We find that PGA production is correlated with higher temperatures, resulting in a mature biofilm morphology that is distinct from the biofilm architecture typically associated with B. subtilis. Our results suggest that B. subtilis NCIB 3610 produces distinct biofilm matrices in response to environmental conditions.

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“…such as B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. velezensis and B. methylotrophicus etc. where the reports reveal the use of D-and L-glutamic acid, sodium glutamate, glucose, glycerol, citric acid, maltose, sucrose, glutamine and a-ketoglutaric acid [11][12][19][20] . In one of our previous reports, we have mentioned the use of a rhizobacteria isolated from the agricultural field and identified as BMIC4 for PGA production.…”

Section: Nutrients For Pga Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…subtilis is well-studied for the production and regulation of PGA [4][5][6][7] but studies providing insights on PGA production using B. methylotrophicus are mostly recent and quite few. Genome of B. subtilis is substantially mapped 8 but such detailed studies on B. methylotrophicus are a few [9][10][11][12] . This triggered us to study and compare the genetic make-up of one of the most studied bacteria i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Genome Assessment of the Two Novel Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Producing Bacillus Strains

Tiwari¹,

Chatterjee²,

Uppadhyaya³

et al. 2019

J Pure Appl Microbiol

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Poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) is a homopolyamide, biosynthesized mostly by Bacillus sp. Our study focuses on understanding the genetic differences between the two species of Bacillus for their capability to produce PGA. Genes related to PGA synthesis, regulation, degradation and mannitol utilization of Bacillus subtilis Natto3 (BSN3) were compared with that of B. methylotrophicus IC4 (BMIC4). These strains differed in their genome sizes and average gene lengths. BMIC4 genome size was 4,214,684 bp which was larger than BSN3 comprising of 3,601,055 bp with no plasmid found in either of them. The average gene length of BSN3 and BMIC4 were 843.33 bp and 819.82 bp, respectively with higher number of predicted genes and proteins in BMIC4 (4341 and 4223 respectively). Interestingly, BMIC4 being larger in genome size and gene number, exhibited lesser number of unique pfam results (62) compared to 389 unique pfam of BSN3. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence, BSN3 and BMIC4 were placed distantly on the phylogenetic tree. Sequence similarity of PGA producing genes ywsC, ywtA and ywtB between BSN3 and BMIC4 was 100%, 100% and 30% respectively. We report the presence of PGA degrading gene pgdS in BMIC4 which is otherwise reportedly absent in various strains of B. methylotrophicus. Sequence variation in the genes may have an impact on the PGA chain length, produced by these strains as BMIC4 produces high molecular weight PGA than BSN3. As B. methylotrophicus is newly discovered species, our comparative study will provide insights on the genomic variability between these two novel PGA producing strains.

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Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Synthesis, Gene Regulation, Phylogenetic Relationships, and Role in Fermentation

Cited by 66 publications

References 93 publications

Bacillus velezensis 83 a bacterial strain from mango phyllosphere, useful for biological control and plant growth promotion

Bacillus velezensis 83 a bacterial strain from mango phyllosphere, useful for biological control and plant growth promotion

Density and temperature controlled fluid extraction in a bacterial biofilm is determined by poly-γ-glutamic acid production

Comparative Genome Assessment of the Two Novel Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Producing Bacillus Strains

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