Pollen and nectar as a reward in the basal epidendroid Psilochilus modestus (Orchidaceae: Triphoreae): A study of floral morphology, reproductive biology and pollination strategy

Floral morphology and reproductive biology of Dendrobium jiajiangense (Orchidaceae) in Mt. Fotang, southwestern China

“…160 flowers on 160 inflorescences (80 plants) were evenly and randomly selected and used for the four treatments, in each case using flowers on their first day of anthesis (cf. Pansarin and Estanislau do Amaral, 2008). Pollination success was estimated as fruit set (open pollination).…”

“…Floral rewards can be of various types, such as nectar (Emms and Arnold, 2000;Kearns, 2001), pollen (Emms and Arnold, 2000;Kearns, 2001), edible oil (Herrera and Pellmyr, 2002). In orchids, nectar is the most common and widespread reward (Nilsson, 1992), whereas pollen as reward is rare (Pansarin and Estanislau do Amaral, 2008). Moreover, some flowers also offer pollinators a shelter for rest or sleep, as a hiding place during windy and rainy weather (Gumprecht, 1977), or for thermoregulation (Felicioli et al, 1998).…”

Reproductive biology and pollination of southeastern Brazilian Stanhopea Frost ex Hook. (Orchidaceae)

“…23133 0 S, 45104 0 W; 0-50 m asl), district of Ubatuba. Both studied areas are natural reserves of the State of Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil (see also Pansarin and Amaral, 2008). The SJ is located inland and Picinguaba on the coast.…”

Genetic variation and reproduction strategy of Gentiana pannonica in different habitats

“…We thus conclude that at least part of the variation in seed set among populations can be explained by an insufficient amount of pollinators in inconspicuous populations, often isolated from each other by forest vegetation. Several studies have shown that, in addition to low genetic diversity, a lack of pollinators is also likely to affect the reproductive fitness of species (Byers, 1995;Kwak, 1988;Kwak and Jennersten, 1991;Kwak et al, 1998;Pansarin and Amaral, 2008;Spira and Pollak, 1986). …”