The phenology, flower morphology, pollination mechanism and reproductive biology of Epidendrum secundum were studied in a semi-deciduous forest at the Serra do Japi (SJ), and in the Atlantic rain forest of Picinguaba, both natural reserves in the State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. E. secundum flowers all year round, with a flowering peak between September and January. This species is either a lithophytic or terrestrial herb in the SJ, whereas, in Picinguaba, it grows mainly in disturbed areas along roadsides. E. secundum is pollinated by several species of diurnal Lepidoptera at both study sites. In Picinguaba, where E. secundum is sympatric with E. fulgens and both share the same pollinators, pollen transference between these two species was recorded. E. secundum is self-compatible but pollinator-dependent. It is inter-compatible with E. fulgens, producing fertile seeds. In contrast to the population of the SJ, in the Picinguaba region, floral morphology is quite variable among plants and some individuals present flowers with characteristics in-between both sympatric species, suggesting that natural hybridization occasionally occurs. The anthropogenic perturbation is probably the cause of the occurrence of E. secundum in the Picinguaba region, enabling its contact with E. fulgens.

-(Floral biology, melittophily and influence of curculionid beetles on the reproductive success of Grobya amherstiae Lindl. (Orchidaceae: Cyrtopodiinae)). The phenology, floral morphology, pollination mechanisms and reproductive biology of Grobya amherstiae Lindl. were studied in two populations located in altitudinal forests at Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, São Paulo State, Brazil. The flowering occurs in summer and lasts about one month (part of February and March). The flowers of an inflorescence open almost simultaneously, in the morning, and each lasts about seven to eight days. The flowers release a honey-like fragrance. At both populations G. amherstiae was pollinated by Paratetrapedia fervida Smith (Anthophoridae) bees, which collect floral oils produced by trichomatic elaiophores at the apex of the lip and the column basis. At one of the populations, besides bees individuals of a Curculionid beetle of the genus Montella were recorded, which perform selfpollination on the majority of the flowers. Grobya amherstiae is self-compatible but pollinator dependent. The females of Montella sp. oviposit in the ovary and their larvae consume the seeds. However, the number of fruits parasitized by the larvae is low when compared with the amount of fruits produced. Since natural fruit set is low, the beetles contribute positively for the reproductive success of G. amherstiae at least in one of the populations.Key words -floral biology, Grobya, Orchidaceae, pollination, reproductive biology RESUMO -(Biologia floral, melitofilia e influência de besouros Curculionidae no sucesso reprodutivo de Grobya amherstiae Lindl. (Orchidaceae: Cyrtopodiinae)). A fenologia, morfologia floral, mecanismos de polinização, biologia reprodutiva e sucesso reprodutivo de Grobya amherstiae Lindl. foram estudados em duas populações localizadas em regiões de mata mesofítica semidecídua de altitude da Serra do Japi (Jundiaí-SP). Grobya amherstiae floresce no verão, entre os meses de fevereiro e março. Todas as flores da inflorescência abrem mais ou menos simultaneamente pela manhã, e cada flor dura cerca de sete a oito dias. As flores emitem suave fragrância adocicada semelhante a do mel. Em ambas as populações G. amherstiae foi polinizada por abelhas Paratetrapedia fervida Smith (Anthophoridae), que coletam óleo produzido em elaióforos tricomáticos do ápice do labelo e da base da coluna. Além de P. fervida, em uma das populações, uma espécie de besouro do gênero Montella (Curculionidae) realizou autopolinizações na maioria das flores. Grobya amherstiae é autocompatível, mas depende de polinizador para transferência de pólen. As fêmeas do besouro ovipõem no ovário e suas larvas se alimentam das sementes. O número de frutos parasitados pelas larvas é baixo em relação à quantidade de frutos produzidos. Como a taxa de frutificação em condições naturais é baixa, os besouros contribuem para o sucesso reprodutivo de G. amherstiae em uma das populações.

The genus Cyrtopodium comprises about 42 species distributed from southern Florida to northern Argentina. Cyrtopodium polyphyllum occurs on rocks or in sandy soils, in restinga vegetation along the Brazilian coast. It flowers during the wet season and its inflorescences produce a high number of resupinate yellow flowers. Cyrtopodium polyphyllum offers no rewards to its pollinators, but mimics the yellow, reward-producing flowers of nearby growing Stigmaphyllon arenicola (oil) and Crotalaria vitellina (nectar) individuals. Several species of bee visit flowers of C. polyphyllum, but only two species of Centris (Centris tarsata and Centris labrosa) act as pollinators. Visits to flowers of C. polyphyllum were scarce and, as a consequence, low-fruit set was recorded under natural conditions. Such low-fruit production contrasts with the number of fruits each plant bears after manual pollination, suggesting deficient pollen transfer among plants. C. polyphyllum is self-compatible and has a high-fruit set in both manual self- and cross-pollinated flowers. Furthermore, fruits (2%) are formed by self-pollination assisted by rain. This facultative self-pollination mechanism is an important strategy to provide reproductive assurance to C. polyphyllum as rainfall restricts the foraging activity of its pollinating bees. Fruits derived from treatments and under natural conditions had a similar high rate of potentially viable seed. Moreover, these seeds had a low polyembryony rate, which did not exceed 5%. C. polyphyllum acts by deceit involving optical signals and exploits other yellow-flowered species within its habitat by attracting their pollinators. The low capsule production under natural conditions was expected, but its reproductive success is assured through self-pollination by rain and high seed viability.

-(Reproductive biology and pollination in Epidendrum paniculatum Ruiz & Pavón (Orchidaceae)). Epidendrum paniculatum Ruiz & Pavón occurs in Central and South America. The populations studied grows on rocks of semidecidual forests at the Serra do Japi (São Paulo State -Brazil). The flowers are green and white, and fragrant during the day and the night. In the study area, the pollinators are Ithomiinae butterflies and diurnal moths of the family Arctiidae, both reported to collect alkaloids of certain flowers. The tests performed revealed, however, that alkaloids are not present in flowers of E. paniculatum. The pollinators are attracted by the flowers of this species probably due to fragrance and nectar production. The treatments carried out revealed a high level of self-incompatibility within the flowers of E. paniculatum. Due to the tendency of many Lepidoptera to remain at specific micro-habitats, the occurrence of self-pollination is very common. The high level of selfincompatibility, combined with pollinator inefficiency, promotes a strong loss of pollen and consequently low fruit set. The small number of fruits produced is derived from cross-pollination. This fact plus to the production of thousands of seeds dispersed by wind in each fruit, probably is sufficient to maintain of the number individuals constant in the region, genetic variation, and extensive distribution of E. paniculatum.Key words -Epidendrum, Orchidaceae, pirrolizidine alkaloid, pollination, reproductive biology RESUMO -(Biologia reprodutiva e polinização em Epidendrum paniculatum Ruiz & Pavón (Orchidaceae)). Epidendrum paniculatum Ruiz & Pavón ocorre na América Central e do Sul. As populações estudadas desenvolvem-se como rupícola em matas semidecíduas de altitude, na Serra do Japi (Judiaí-SP). Suas flores são verdes e brancas, e fragrantes durante o dia e à noite. Na Serra do Japi, os polinizadores são borboletas da subfamília Ithomiinae e mariposas diurnas da família Arctiidae, ambas conhecidas por coletar alcalóides em flores. Os testes realizados, no entanto, demonstraram que alcalóides estão ausentes em flores de E. paniculatum, que atrai seus polinizadores provavelmente pela produção de néctar e fragrância. Os tratamentos realizados revelaram um alto grau de auto-incompatibilidade para a espécie. No entanto, devido à tendência de muitos lepidópteros permanecerem em seus micro-hábitats, muitas autopolinizações ocorrem. O alto grau de autoincompatibilidade, somado à ineficiência por parte dos agentes polinizadores, provoca grande perda de pólen e, conseqüentemente, uma baixa produção de frutos. Mesmo com a baixa frutificação, os frutos produzidos são derivados de polinizações cruzadas. Este fato, adicionado à produção de milhares de sementes dispersas pelo vento em cada fruto, pode ser suficiente para a manutenção do número de indivíduos da espécie na região, bem como para a promoção de maior variabilidade genética e da ampla distribuição de E. paniculatum.

The Andean uplift is one of the major orographic events in the New World and has impacted considerably the diversification of numerous Neotropical lineages. Despite its importance for biogeography, the specific role of mountain ranges as a dispersal barrier between South and Central American lowland plant lineages is still poorly understood. The swan orchids (Cycnoches) comprise ca 34 epiphytic species distributed in lowland and pre-montane forests of Central and South America. Here, we study the historical biogeography of Cycnoches to better understand the impact of the Andean uplift on the diversification of Neotropical lowland plant lineages. Using novel molecular sequences (five nuclear and plastid regions) and twelve biogeographic models, we infer that the most recent common ancestor of Cycnoches originated in Amazonia ca 5 Mya. The first colonization of Central America occurred from a direct migration event from Amazonia, and multiple bidirectional trans-Andean migrations between Amazonia and Central America took place subsequently. Notably, these rare biological exchanges occurred well after major mountain building periods. The Andes have limited plant migration, yet it has seldom allowed episodic gene exchange of lowland epiphyte lineages such as orchids with great potential for effortless dispersal because of the very light, anemochorous seeds.

Vanilloideae comprises 15 genera distributed worldwide, among which are Vanilla and Epistephium (tribe Vanilleae). Based on field and laboratory investigations, the pollination biology of V. dubia and E. sclerophyllum was analysed. The former was surveyed in a semi-deciduous mesophytic forest at the biological reserve of Serra do Japi and in a marshy forest at the city of Pradópolis, southeastern Brazil. The latter was examined in rocky outcrop vegetation in the Chapada Diamantina, northeastern Brazil. In the studied populations, the tubular flowers of V. dubia and E. sclerophyllum were pollinated by bees. Pollen was deposited on either their scutellum (V. dubia) or scutum (E. sclerophyllum). The mentum region of V. dubia is dry, whereas that of E. sclerophyllum presents a small quantity of dilute nectar. Flowers of E. sclerophyllum are scentless, while those of V. dubia are odoriferous. Although V. dubia is self-compatible, it needs a pollinator to produce fruit. In contrast, E. sclerophyllum sets fruit through spontaneous self-pollination, but biotic pollination also occurs. Both species are primarily adapted to pollination by euglossine bees. Pollination by Euglossina seems to have occurred at least twice during the evolution of Vanilleae. Furthermore, shifts between rewarding and reward-free flowers and between autogamous and allogamous species have been reported among vanillas.

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The reproductive biology, reward production and pollination mechanism of Trichocentrum pumilum were studied in a gallery forest in the interior of the State of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. The floral visitors and pollination mechanism were recorded, and experimental pollinations were carried out in order to determine the breeding system of this species. Trichocentrum pumilum blooms in spring. Each paniculate inflorescence bears an average of 85 flowers that present a central yellow callus and finger-like trichomes on the lateral lobes of the lip. A lipoidal substance is produced and stored among these trichomes. In the studied population, T. pumilum is exclusively visited and pollinated by two bee species (Tetrapedia diversipes and Lophopedia nigrispinis). Pollinaria are deposited on mouthparts of bees during collection of the lipoidal substance from the lateral lobes of the labellum. Trichocentrum pumilum is self-incompatible and pollinator-limited. Natural fruit set was low (9%, compared to 45% in experimentally cross-pollinated flowers). Potentially viable seed exceed 97% in fruits obtained through cross-pollination and in natural conditions (open pollination).