PMD Characterization of Production Cables for Evolving Lightwave Systems

Impact of First- and Second-Order PMD in Optical Digital Transmission Systems

“…This approach relies on the assumption that the PMD characteristics do not vary over the spectral width of the modulated signal. Experimental results have supported this assumption for a 5 Gb/s transmission supported by the currently manufactured dispersion-shifted fibers of extremely low PMD (< 10 ps for a 6000-km link) [24]. Long-haul optically amplified systems at 5 Gb/s have now been extensively validated in the laboratories and are currently being installed.…”

Attosecond-resolution measurement of polarization mode dispersion in short sections of optical fiber

“…In the manufacture and test of single-mode fiber, subfemtosecond resolution is essential to measure the DGD expected of a fiber less than one or two meters long. A longer fiber would be very awkward to test without placing it on a spool, but the spooling process changes the fiber's PMD by increasing the level of bendinginduced mode coupling [4,5]. Furthermore, when hundreds or even thousands of elements such as isolators, amplifiers and taps are concatenated, limits on the DGD of the entire system may lead to sub-femtosecond resolution requirements for DGD measurements of individual components.…”