The impact of optical amplifiers on long-distance lightwave telecommunications

Novel Numerical Method to Model Multichannel Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier

“…The fundamental and intrinsic advantages of the erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) like low noise, polarization insensitivity, and cross-talk immunity have made their deployment in the actual communication system a reality [1,2]. Due to the large bandwidth of amplification ∼40 nm each in C-band and L-band [3][4][5], terabits/s data transmission has been achieved using dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) systems.…”

Thin films of advanced oxidic materials obtained by pulsed laser deposition

“…Suitable combination of properties made phosphate glasses attractive host materials for rare ions to be used as photonic devices as high power lasers, fibre and waveguide amplifiers, optical isolators, photosensitivity based devices, scintillators and optical storage devices [1][2][3][4]. Significant changes in the refractive index of such glasses under intense irradiation with ultraviolet or visible wavelengths may lead to the development of highly efficient periodic structures or 3D waveguide channels written in the bulk of the glass [5].…”

Fiber designs with significantly reduced nonlinearity for very long distance transmission

“…Recently, considerable effort has been devoted to studying signal degradations resulting from fiber nonlinearity in single-channel as well as in wavelength-division-multiplexed systems. [1][2][3] Apart from the special case of soliton propagation, when nonlinearity and dispersion counteract to maintain distortion-free transmission, 4 nonlinear effects are harmful to normal pulse propagation and need to be mitigated. Fiber nonlinearity is due to weak dependence of the refractive index of glass on light intensity.…”