Pleistocene Vertebrate Faunas in the Ryukyu Islands: Their Migration and Extinction

Otsuka, Hiroyuki; Takahashi, Akio

doi:10.3759/tropics.10.25

Cited by 44 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…These three genera diversified vicariantly, before or when their ancestral areas became continental islands, i.e. when Kyushu separated from the Asian continent with the opening of the Japanese sea approximately 15 Ma [53][54][55], and when Ryukyu archipelago was gradually isolated from Asia approximately 10-5.3 Ma [56][57][58][59][60][61]. On the mainland, the separation of the lineages Sinothela and Ganthela (approx.…”

Section: (B) Divergence Dating and Biogeographical Reconstructionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extant primitively segmented spiders have recently diversified from an ancient lineage

Cheng

et al. 2015

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Living fossils are lineages that have retained plesiomorphic traits through long time periods. It is expected that such lineages have both originated and diversified long ago. Such expectations have recently been challenged in some textbook examples of living fossils, notably in extant cycads and coelacanths. Using a phylogenetic approach, we tested the patterns of the origin and diversification of liphistiid spiders, a clade of spiders considered to be living fossils due to their retention of arachnid plesiomorphies and their exclusive grouping in Mesothelae, an ancient clade sister to all modern spiders. Facilitated by original sampling throughout their Asian range, we here provide the phylogenetic framework necessary for reconstructing liphistiid biogeographic history. All phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of Liphistiidae and of eight genera. As the fossil evidence supports a Carboniferous Euramerican origin of Mesothelae, our dating analyses postulate a long eastward over-land dispersal towards the Asian origin of Liphistiidae during the Palaeogene (39-58 Ma). Contrary to expectations, diversification within extant liphistiid genera is relatively recent, in the Neogene and Late Palaeogene (4-24 Ma). While no over-water dispersal events are needed to explain their evolutionary history, the history of liphistiid spiders has the potential to play prominently in vicariant biogeographic studies.

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Section: (B) Divergence Dating and Biogeographical Reconstructionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extant primitively segmented spiders have recently diversified from an ancient lineage

Cheng

et al. 2015

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…Recorded from Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Iejima, Miyakojima, and Yonagunijima islands in the Ryukyus. Migration patterns into the Ryukyu Archipelago of this and other Pleistocene taxa has been documented by Otsuka and Takahashi (2000) and Takahashi et al (2008 (1837) was not accompanied by any description or illustration, and is a nomen nudum. However, the original generic name Megalochelys Falconer and Cautley 1837 is nonetheless valid (ICZN Code, Article 11.4.1), and was also validated by Cautley (1838), and therefore antedates the use of the homonym by Fitzinger (1843) for Testudo gigantea, as well as the later invalid nomen novum, Colossochelys.…”

Section: Chelonoidis Spp Incertaementioning

confidence: 99%

Turtles and Tortoises of the World During the Rise and Global Spread of Humanity: First Checklist and Review of Extinct Pleistocene and Holocene Chelonians.

Rhodin¹,

Thomson²,

Georgalis³

et al. 2015

Chelonian Research Monographs

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ABsTrAcT. -We provide a first checklist and review of all recognized taxa of the world's extinct Pleistocene and Holocene (Quaternary) turtles and tortoises that existed during the early rise and global expansion of humanity, and most likely went extinct through a combination of earlier hominin (e.g., Homo erectus, H. neanderthalensis) and later human (H. sapiens) exploitation, as well as being affected by concurrent global or regional climatic and habitat changes. This checklist complements the broader listing of all modern and extant turtles and tortoises by the Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (2014). We provide a comprehensive listing of taxonomy, names, synonymies, and stratigraphic distribution of all chelonian taxa that have gone extinct from approximately the boundary between the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene, ca. 2.6 million years ago, up through 1500 AD, at the beginning of modern times. We also provide details on modern turtle and tortoise taxa that have gone extinct since 1500 AD. This checklist currently includes 100 fossil turtle and tortoise taxa, including 84 named and apparently distinct species, and 16 additional taxa that appear to represent additional valid species, but are only identified to genus or family. Modern extinct turtles and tortoises include 8 species, 3 subspecies, and 1 unnamed taxon, for 12 taxa. Of the extinct fossil taxa, terrestrial tortoises of the family Testudinidae (including many large-bodied island forms) are the most numerous, with 60 taxa. When the numbers for fossil tortoises are combined with the 61 modern (living and extinct) species of tortoises, of the 121 tortoise species that have existed at some point since the beginning of the Pleistocene, 69 (57.0%) have gone extinct. This likely reflects the high vulnerability of these large and slow terrestrial (often insular) species primarily to human exploitation. The other large-bodied terrestrial turtles, the 000e.2 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5As an addition to the annual checklist of extant modern turtle taxa (Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [TTWG] 2014), we here present an annotated checklist of extinct Pleistocene and Holocene turtle and tortoise species that existed in relatively recent times, prior to 1500 AD, during the history of the rise and global spread of humanity and concurrent global climatic and habitat changes. These species, recorded from archaeological and paleontological sites from the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs (Quaternary period), approximately the last 2.6 million years, are currently considered to be valid, and not synonymous with modern (post-1500 AD) taxa.These fossil species, including some unnamed taxa of indeterminate or undescribed generic or specific allocation, represent the majority of the chelonian diversity that has gone extinct relatively recently. Many of these taxa were likely extirpated by anthropogenic exploitation over the relatively long prehistory of earlier hominin (e.g., Homo erectus, H. neanderthalensi...

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“…Since the emergence of the island in the Pliocene (Teng 1990;Huang et al 1997), intermittent connections to the Asian mainland are thought to have occurred (Kizaki and Oshiro 1980;Kimura 2000), possibly due to sea-level lowering in glacial periods (Gascoyne et al 1979;Voris 2000;Wang 2004). Therefore, the island likely has received multiple invasions of organisms from the Asian continent, as suggested in the palaeontological record (e.g., Otsuka and Takahashi 2000;Takahashi et al 2001). The complicated biota of Taiwan is an intermingling of various organisms with different histories.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The unique characteristics of island organisms are thought to be the result of repeated isolations from and connections to the continental mainland (Ota 1998;Otsuka and Takahashi 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic history of mustelid fauna in Taiwan inferred from mitochondrial genetic loci

Hosoda¹,

Sato

Lin

et al. 2011

Can. J. Zool.

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Pleistocene Vertebrate Faunas in the Ryukyu Islands: Their Migration and Extinction

Abstract: Results

Cited by 44 publications

References 10 publications

Extant primitively segmented spiders have recently diversified from an ancient lineage

Extant primitively segmented spiders have recently diversified from an ancient lineage

Turtles and Tortoises of the World During the Rise and Global Spread of Humanity: First Checklist and Review of Extinct Pleistocene and Holocene Chelonians.

Phylogenetic history of mustelid fauna in Taiwan inferred from mitochondrial genetic loci

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