Plastics in the context of the circular economy and sustainable plastics recycling: Comprehensive review on research development, standardization and market

Shamsuyeva, Madina; Endres, Hans‐Josef

doi:10.1016/j.jcomc.2021.100168

Cited by 75 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…According to the market forecast, the worldwide recycled PET market size was USD 8.9 billion in 2021 and is expected to increase to USD 11.7 billion by 2026 [ 4 ]. There are various regional legal and standardization approaches promoting both the recycling of plastic waste as well as the use of plastic recyclates in the production of plastic articles [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. For examples, starting from 2025 in the European Union (EU), beverage bottles that are manufactured mainly from the PET must contain at least 25% of recycled plastic and starting from 2030 at least 30% [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Together with the above-mentioned legal regulations promoting the use of plastic recyclates, there is a growing demand for transparency regarding traceability of the recycled content. Currently, the recycled material content in plastic products is defined by corresponding certification agencies using, for example, a mass balance approach [ 5 , 22 ]. Furthermore, there are regional standards suggesting procedures for calculation of the recycled content such as DIN SPEC 91446 or DIN EN 15343 [ 6 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal and Mechanical Properties of the Recycled and Virgin PET—Part I

2022

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In various countries, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) represents one of the plastics with a very high recycling rate. Since currently there is no analytical method enabling direct distinction between recycled PET (rPET) and virgin PET (vPET), there are various attempts to differentiate these materials indirectly. One of these approaches claims that the recycling of PET leads to polymer chain degradation, which is reflected in changed thermal, mechanical and crystalline properties, and testing of these properties can therefore be used to distinguish rPET and vPET. However, there are many sources leading to changes in the molecular structure and consequently to the changes of the above-mentioned properties of the PET. The purpose of this study is to analyze the glass transition and melting temperature, degree of crystallinity as well as bending and impact properties of 20 different commercially available PET recyclates from 14 suppliers and evaluate the results with respect to the literature values for vPET. The main results of this study show that the range of vPET properties is so broad that all of the corresponding properties of the tested rPET lie within this range.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal and Mechanical Properties of the Recycled and Virgin PET—Part I

2022

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“…Another way to prevent this is by substituting polymer products and using fewer polymers for low durability items that decompose too fast and are not reusable/recyclable. Regarding lifetime, plastic products are short-life (e.g., packaging), middle-life (e.g., for agriculture, electronics) and long-life, as for building and construction [ 274 ].…”

Section: Economic Role Of Degradation Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling of Environmental Ageing of Polymers and Polymer Composites—Modular and Multiscale Methods

et al. 2022

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Service lifetimes of polymers and polymer composites are impacted by environmental ageing. The validation of new composites and their environmental durability involves costly testing programs, thus calling for more affordable and safe alternatives, and modelling is seen as such an alternative. The state-of-the-art models are systematized in this work. The review offers a comprehensive overview of the modular and multiscale modelling approaches. These approaches provide means to predict the environmental ageing and degradation of polymers and polymer composites. Furthermore, the systematization of methods and models presented herein leads to a deeper and reliable understanding of the physical and chemical principles of environmental ageing. As a result, it provides better confidence in the modelling methods for predicting the environmental durability of polymeric materials and fibre-reinforced composites.

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“…Material degradation cannot be neglected, especially in the processing of sensitive plastics or in the recycling of plastics, where the plastic is processed several times in order to meet the increasing requirements of the circular economy. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Material degradation can lead not only to a reduction in the mechanical properties of the component, but also to discoloration and odor formation due to the splitting off of low-molecular components, as well as to an influence on the process behavior, since the viscosity of the plastic also decreases as a result of the progressive material degradation. [7][8][9][10][11] If gentle material processing is desired, the expected material degradation should already be taken into account during the design of a screw geometry for an extrusion process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of material degradation in dependence of shear rate, temperature, and residence time

Schall

Schöppner

2022

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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During processing, plastics are frequently exposed to high stresses. These include, above all, shear and temperature within the scope of the residence time of the manufacturing process in order to achieve a homogeneous plastic melt for further processing. The stress of the manufacturing process can lead to molecular degradation, which can have a negative effect on the product properties. Since it makes sense to take molecular degradation into account for many processes, a test stand for material characterization was designed and a regression equation was derived for the mathematical description of the degradation behavior. With the help of this regression equation, a prediction of the expected material degradation can be made, provided that the shear rate, the temperature and the associated residence time are known.

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Plastics in the context of the circular economy and sustainable plastics recycling: Comprehensive review on research development, standardization and market

Cited by 75 publications

References 104 publications

Thermal and Mechanical Properties of the Recycled and Virgin PET—Part I

Thermal and Mechanical Properties of the Recycled and Virgin PET—Part I

Modelling of Environmental Ageing of Polymers and Polymer Composites—Modular and Multiscale Methods

Measurement of material degradation in dependence of shear rate, temperature, and residence time

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