“…Thermal treatment of HW. Thermal treatments, including but not limited to incineration, smelting, and combustion, and so on, refer to the processing of HW at high temperature to destroy or reduce the toxicity of HW (Wang et al, 2009;Agon et al, 2016;Li et al, , 2018b. Thermal treatment of HW is mostly preferred to treat HW in China because of its superiorities like volume and mass reduction, energy recovery, and high efficiency (Yu et al, 2012(Yu et al, , 2015Chen et al, 2020).…”