Plasma endotoxin levels in horses subjected to carbohydrate induced laminitis

Sprouse, R. F.; Garner, H. E.; Green, Eleanor M.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb02571.x

Cited by 138 publications

(87 citation statements)

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“…A metodologia de sobrecarga dietética com amido em equinos é utilizada com o objetivo de estudar a patofisiologia da laminite (GARNER et al, 1975;GARNER et al, 1977;GARNER et al, 1978;SPROUSE et al, 1987;POLLITT & DAVIES, 1998;PAES LEME et al, 2006;MARTINS FILHO et al, 2007). Nesse contexto, há escassez de conhecimento em relação às alterações nas fezes provocadas pela sobrecarga.…”

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Capacidade tamponante, pH e consistência das fezes em equinos submetidos à sobrecarga dietética com amido

et al. 2009

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Capacidade tamponante, pH e consistência das fezes em equinos submetidos à sobrecarga dietética com amido

et al. 2009

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“…Lactic acid, histamine and endotoxin have been described as contributing to the aetiology and pathogenesis of acute bovine and equine laminitis, although no causal relationship has been established (1, 7,10,18,21,22). Endotoxin has received special attention because acute bovine laminitis has been reported to occur in diseases (18) associated with endotoxaemia, such as Gramnegative mastitis (12), endometritis (19) and ruminal acidosis caused by carbohydrate overload (4,7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Endotoxin has received special attention because acute bovine laminitis has been reported to occur in diseases (18) associated with endotoxaemia, such as Gramnegative mastitis (12), endometritis (19) and ruminal acidosis caused by carbohydrate overload (4,7). Also, in horses with experimentally induced laminitis (carbohydrate overload), endotoxaemia was proven (21). Endotoxin may take part in the pathogenesis of laminitis by means of (a-mediated) neurohumoral peripheral vasoconstriction (5,8) or local/systemic activation of the clotting system (18,24,15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of endotoxin in the pathogenesis of acute bovine laminitis

Boosman

Mutsaers

Klarenbeek

1991

Veterinary Quarterly

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SUMMARY.To study the possible role of endotoxin in the pathogenesis of bovine laminitis, local and systemic injections of endotoxin (E. coli 0111 B4) with different doses were given to three groups of four cows each. Clinical and haematologic parameters indicated an acutephase response, including positive plasma ethanol gelation (soluble fibrin), the occurence of fibrin degradation products and decreased thrombocyte counts. Local Shwartzman reactions were not evoked. Clinical examination of the claws and the gait of the animals revealed no signs of laminitis. However, on histopathological examination of the claw corium signs of laminitis such as vacuolisation of the Stratum basale, lymphocyte and leucocyte infiltration and thrombosis were found. These results indicate that endotoxin indeed may be involved in the pathogenesis of laminitis. For the development of a clinical acute laminitis model in cattle either another dosage, other toxins or factors in addition to the endotoxin used in this experiment are needed.

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“…The 30 ng/kg/BW dosage of endotoxin was chosen because it mimics naturally occurring endotoxemia in horses with gastrointestinal disorders [18,30]. Moreover, this dose of endotoxin has been given to horses and results in clinical signs of endotoxemia without a fatal outcome [6,10,25,36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Induced by Experimental Endotoxemia in Horse

Kiku

Kusano

Fukuda

et al. 2003

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Cellular activation and functional cell surface markers were evaluated during experimentally-induced endotoxemia in healthy horses. Eight healthy adult horses were infused a low dose of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O26: B6, 30 ng/kg of body weight, IV) and five control horses were given an equivalent volume of sterile saline solution. Venous blood samples were collected for flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and to measure plasma endotoxin concentrations. Clinical signs of endotoxemia were recorded at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 min, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hr after endotoxin or saline solution administration. Clinical findings characteristic of endotoxemia (tachycardia, tachypnea, increased rectal temperature, and leukopenia) occurred transiently in all horses administered endotoxin; however, plasma endotoxin concentrations were detectable in only 50% (4/8) of the endotoxin-infused horses. Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) has been shown to play a central role in the pathogenesis of severe sepsis and septic shock accompanied with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) caused by gram-negative bacteria [2,9]. In horses with gastrointestinal disorders, endotoxemia is major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with septic shock [18]. Inflammatory mediators such interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α are increased in horses with endotoxemia [5,28,36]. Many important equine diseases are associated with endotoxemia, thus elucidating important mechanisms in the pathogenesis of this condition in horse could lead to improved treatment.The monocyte is a pivotal cell in mediating the body's response to endotoxemia. Monocytes express CD14, a cell surface receptor that binds complexes formed between LPS and a plasma LPS-binding protein (LBP) [38]. CD14 is a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchored membrane protein that is expressed on mature monocytes [15]. Moreover, CD14 was identified as a monocyte differentiation marker expressed on the surface of macrophages, neutrophils, and other cells of myeloid linkage [33]. It functions as a co-receptor for bacterial LPS and triggers the induction of inflammatory responses. Recently it has been demonstrated that Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 may be the predominant cell surface molecule mediating the response to LPS [1,7,20] and the binding of LPS to the CD14-TLR4 complex is effective in generating a functional cellular response [7,20]. CD14 initiates the activation of macrophages for the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines [13] that stimulate both proliferation and differentiation of CD4 + cell for helper T cell, CD5 + cell specific for peripheral B1-a cell, and CD8 + cell for suppressor and cytotoxic T cell and IgM + cell for B cell. The LPS, an outer-membrane component of gram-negative bacteria, is recognized as one of major causes of septic shock [8]. Downregulation of CD14 has been reported in circulating monocytes of human septic patient [8,14,21,22]. A continuous decrea...

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Plasma endotoxin levels in horses subjected to carbohydrate induced laminitis

Cited by 138 publications

References 10 publications

Capacidade tamponante, pH e consistência das fezes em equinos submetidos à sobrecarga dietética com amido

Capacidade tamponante, pH e consistência das fezes em equinos submetidos à sobrecarga dietética com amido

The role of endotoxin in the pathogenesis of acute bovine laminitis

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Induced by Experimental Endotoxemia in Horse

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