Plasma cholinesterase levels of mountain plovers (<i>Charadrius montanus</i>) wintering in central California, USA

Iko, William M.; Archuleta, Andrew S.; Knopf, Fritz L.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620220115

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The toxicity of OP insecticides in birds is generally associated with lower plasma or brain ChE activities (9,(12)(13)(14). Decreases in ChE activity to 50 % or less of the normal is accepted as confirmation of exposure or diagnosis of acute poisoning with these insecticides (3,15,16).…”

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confidence: 99%

Acute Toxicity and Cholinesterase Inhibition in Chicks Dosed Orally with Organophosphate Insecticides

Mohammad

Albadrany

Al-Jobory

2008

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Acute toxic effects of three commonly used insecticidal preparations of the organophosphates chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and dichlorvos were examined in mixed breed broiler chicks, and cholinesterase activity in plasma and brain were measured. The acute (24 h) oral median lethal doses (LD 50 ) of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and dichlorvos were 10.79 mg kg -1 , 6.32 mg kg -1 , and 6.30 mg kg -1 , respectively, as determined by the up-and-down method in chicks. Signs of cholinergic toxicosis in the chicks appeared within two hours after dosing, and they included salivation, lacrimation, gasping, frequent defecation, drooping of wings, tremors, convulsions, and recumbency before death. Halving the oral LD 50 of chlorpyrifos (5 mg kg ) caused immobility and wing drooping, but not the clinical signs of cholinergic toxicity. However, at full LD 50 doses of these insecticides, chicks showed clinical signs of cholinergic toxicity similar to those seen in the LD 50 experiments. Two out of six chicks died within two hours after treatment with LD 50 doses of chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos, whereas LD 50 dosing with diazinon caused death in three out of six chicks. Compared to control values, the insecticides reduced plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities by 29 % to 84 % and 18 % to 77 %, respectively, depending on the dose. The decrease in plasma cholinesterase correlated well (r = 0.82) with that of the brain. These data suggest that organophosphate insecticides administered orally at LD 50 doses induce clinical signs of cholinergic poisoning and concurrently reduce brain and plasma cholinesterase activities in chicks.

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confidence: 99%

Acute Toxicity and Cholinesterase Inhibition in Chicks Dosed Orally with Organophosphate Insecticides

Mohammad

Albadrany

Al-Jobory

2008

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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“…It is unknown whether these mitochondrial groupings would be the source of a large difference in normal ChE activities. A study that compared ChE activities of mountain plovers (Charadrius montanus) from two sites in California found that ChE activities were significantly depressed (32%) at clean reference sites in the Carrizo Plain compared with Central Valley polluted sites [43]. These results suggest additional regional factors that may influence ChE because they contradict what would be expected based on site selection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional inhibition of cholinesterase in free‐ranging western pond turtles (Emys marmorata) occupying California mountain streams

Meyer

Sparling

Blumenshine

2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-The present study investigated the potential effects of cholinesterase (ChE)-inhibiting pesticides on western pond turtles (Emys marmorata) occupying streams in two regions of California, USA. The southern region was suspected of having increased exposure to atmospheric deposition of contaminants originating from Central Valley agriculture. The northern region represented reference ChE activities because this area was located outside of the prominent wind patterns that deposit pesticides into the southern region. Total ChE activity was measured in plasma from a total of 81 turtles from both regions. Cholinesterase activity of turtles was significantly depressed by 31% ( p ¼ 0.005) in the southern region after accounting for additional sources of variation in ChE activity. Male turtles had significantly increased ChE activity compared with females ( p ¼ 0.054). Cloaca temperature, length, mass, handling time, body condition, and lymph presence were not significant predictors of turtle ChE activity. In the southern region, 6.3% of the turtles were below the diagnostic threshold of two standard deviations less than the reference site mean ChE activity. Another diagnostic threshold determined that 75% of the turtles from the southern region had ChE activities depressed by 20% of the reference mean. The decrease in ChE activity in the southern region suggests sublethal effects of pesticide exposure, potentially altering neurotransmission, which can result in various deleterious behaviors. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:692-698. # 2012 SETAC

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“…The method we used for measurement of plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities is an electrometric one validated for use in mammals (Mohammad, 2007) and avian species (Abass & Mohammad, 2004; Mohammad & Al-Baggou, 2005; Al-Badrany & Mohammad, 2007; Mohammad et al , 2008). Determination of plasma or serum and brain cholinesterase activities in wild birds is used as a biomarker of exposure to widely used agricultural insecticides, organophosphates and carbamates (Burn & Leighton, 1996; Iko et al , 2003; Osten et al , 2005). It is also a major tool for diagnosing organophosphate and carbamate poisoning in birds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is also a major tool for diagnosing organophosphate and carbamate poisoning in birds. It is therefore important to measure wild bird cholinesterase activities periodically to assess any environmental contamination by insecticides (Hooper, 1988; Cairns et al , 1991; Fossi et al , 1992; Wilson & Henderson, 1992; McInnes et al , 1996; Iko et al , 2003; Fildes et al , 2009). The present electrometric technique for measurement of cholinesterase activity was used to assess poisoning induced by organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in chickens (Abass & Mohammad, 2004; Mohammad & Al-Baggou, 2005; Al-Badrany & Mohammad, 2007; Mohammad et al , 2008) and to estimate the level of total and true cholinesterase activity in the plasma of wild birds (Alias & Mohammad, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities in three wild bird species in Mosul, IRAQ: In vitro inhibition by insecticides

Alias¹,

Al-Zubaidy²,

Mousa³

et al. 2011

Interdisciplinary Toxicology

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Plasma and brain cholinesterase activities were determined in three wild bird species to assess their exposure to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides which are used in agriculture and public health. In the present study, we used an electrometric method for measurement of cholinesterase activities in the plasma and whole brain of three indigenous wild birds commonly found in northern Iraq. The birds used were apparently healthy adults of both sexes (8 birds/species, comprising 3–5 from each sex) of quail (Coturnix coturnix), collard dove (Streptopelia decaocto) and rock dove (Columba livia gaddi), which were captured in Mosul, Iraq. The mean respective cholinesterase activities (Δ pH/30 minutes) in the plasma and whole brain of the birds were as follows: quail (0.96 and 0.29), collard dove (0.97and 0.82) and rock dove (1.44 and 1.42). We examined the potential susceptibility of the plasma or whole brain cholinesterases to inhibition by selected insecticides. The technique of in vitro cholinesterase inhibition for 10 minutes by the organophosphate insecticides dichlorvos, malathion and monocrotophos (0.5 and 1.0 µM) and the carbamate insecticide carbaryl (5 and10 µM) in the enzyme reaction mixtures showed significant inhibition of plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities to various extents. The data further support and add to the reported cholinesterase activities determined electrometrically in wild birds in northern Iraq. The plasma and whole brain cholinesterases of the birds are highly susceptible to inhibition by organophosphate and carbamate insecticides as determined by the described electrometric method, and the results further suggest the usefulness of the method in biomonitoring wild bird cholinesterases.

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Plasma cholinesterase levels of mountain plovers (Charadrius montanus) wintering in central California, USA

Cited by 15 publications

References 30 publications

Acute Toxicity and Cholinesterase Inhibition in Chicks Dosed Orally with Organophosphate Insecticides

Acute Toxicity and Cholinesterase Inhibition in Chicks Dosed Orally with Organophosphate Insecticides

Regional inhibition of cholinesterase in free‐ranging western pond turtles (Emys marmorata) occupying California mountain streams

Plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities in three wild bird species in Mosul, IRAQ: In vitro inhibition by insecticides

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