Plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities in three wild bird species in Mosul, IRAQ: In vitro inhibition by insecticides

Abstract

Plasma and brain cholinesterase activities were determined in three wild bird species to assess their exposure to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides which are used in agriculture and public health. In the present study, we used an electrometric method for measurement of cholinesterase activities in the plasma and whole brain of three indigenous wild birds commonly found in northern Iraq. The birds used were apparently healthy adults of both sexes (8 birds/species, comprising 3–5 from each sex) of quail (Coturnix coturnix), collard dove (Streptopelia decaocto) and rock dove (Columba livia gaddi), which were captured in Mosul, Iraq. The mean respective cholinesterase activities (Δ pH/30 minutes) in the plasma and whole brain of the birds were as follows: quail (0.96 and 0.29), collard dove (0.97and 0.82) and rock dove (1.44 and 1.42). We examined the potential susceptibility of the plasma or whole brain cholinesterases to inhibition by selected insecticides. The technique of in vitro cholinesterase inhibition for 10 minutes by the organophosphate insecticides dichlorvos, malathion and monocrotophos (0.5 and 1.0 µM) and the carbamate insecticide carbaryl (5 and10 µM) in the enzyme reaction mixtures showed significant inhibition of plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities to various extents. The data further support and add to the reported cholinesterase activities determined electrometrically in wild birds in northern Iraq. The plasma and whole brain cholinesterases of the birds are highly susceptible to inhibition by organophosphate and carbamate insecticides as determined by the described electrometric method, and the results further suggest the usefulness of the method in biomonitoring wild bird cholinesterases.

Characterization of plasma cholinesterase activity in the Eurasian Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus and its in vitro inhibition by carbamate pesticides

“…However, inhibition in ChE activity in vitro in plasma of vultures after exposure to different concentrations of anti-ChE pesticides has not been reported, and knowledge of this toxic effect in different species is important, as inter-species variation in the sensitivity to pesticides is well known (Mineau et al 2001). In an in vitro inhibition assay of plasma ChE activity by carbaryl (0.005 and 0.01 mM) for 10 min in three wild birds (Common Quail Coturnix coturnix, Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto and Rock Dove Columba livia gaddi) inhibitions of 72, 41 and 38% were reached, respectively, at the highest concentration tested (Alias et al 2011). Consistently, our analysis of Gyps fulvus plasma exposure to a range of concentrations of 0.03-0.3 mM carbaryl for 30 min showed a 33-87% ChE inhibition.…”

“…In an in vitro inhibition assay of plasma ChE activity by carbaryl (0.005 and 0.01 mM) for 10 min in three wild birds (Common Quail Coturnix coturnix , Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto and Rock Dove Columba livia gaddi ) inhibitions of 72, 41 and 38% were reached, respectively, at the highest concentration tested (Alias et al . ). Consistently, our analysis of Gyps fulvus plasma exposure to a range of concentrations of 0.03–0.3 mM carbaryl for 30 min showed a 33–87% ChE inhibition.…”

“…When studying the toxic potency of anti-ChEpesticides, in vitro exposure of avian plasma to different compounds has been assayed (Alias et al 2011). However, inhibition in ChE activity in vitro in plasma of vultures after exposure to different concentrations of anti-ChE pesticides has not been reported, and knowledge of this toxic effect in different species is important, as inter-species variation in the sensitivity to pesticides is well known (Mineau et al 2001).…”

Change in acetylcholine activity and some blood parameters in adult sheep dipped in deltamethrin

“…The Cholinesterase activities in blood, tissue and brain can be easily measured (7,8) and their investigations are useful in determining the exposure status of cholinesterase inhibitors and detecting the toxicity of these compounds (8)(9)(10). Acetylcholinesterase activity inhibition have been widely studied red blood cells, plasma and tissues in workers (11,12), experimental animals (13,14), fish (9), birds (15,16) and in farm animals (8,17) after exposure to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides but rarely studied in serum (18) specially in our country and adverse effect on blood parameters. One of the basic mechanisms of the harmfulness of the pesticides seems to be lipid peroxidation; as a consequence, these composites can lead to some blood cells disorders (19).…”

Metabolite Profiling by Hyphenated Liquid Chromatographic Mass Spectrometric Technique (HPLC‐DAD‐ESI‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS) and Neurobiological Potential of Haplophyllum sahinii and H. vulcanicum Extracts

“…Consequently, the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) along with butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), the key enzymes which hydrolyze ACh and BCh, respectively, has become a major treatment option towards AD . Additionally, ChEIs have been also used in the treatment of glaucoma and myasthenia gravis or as insecticidal agents . On the other hand, tyrosinase (TYR), an enzyme found in melanocytes, catalyzes the rate‐limiting oxidation of tyrosine to melanin, which plays a critical role in the pigmentation of skin, hair, and eyes in animal, undesirable browning of fruits and vegetables, moulting process of insects, and dopamine toxicity in Parkinson's disease (PD) as well as neuronal death in PD and Huntington's diseases .…”