Plant Production in Controlled Environments

Abstract

Crop production in open fields is increasingly limited by weather extremes and water shortages, in addition to pests and soil-borne diseases. In order to increase crop yield, quality, and productivity, controlled environment agriculture (CEA) can play an important role as an alternative and supplemental production system to conventional open field production. CEA is any agricultural technology that enables growers to manipulate the growing environment for improved yield and quality. CEA production systems include high tunnels, greenhouses, and indoor vertical farming, as well as hydroponics and aquaponics. Currently, 'low-tech' CEA techniques such as high tunnels (plastic greenhouses with minimum or no cooling and heating) are primarily utilized in developing countries where labor costs are relatively low, and China has by far the largest area covered by high tunnels or 'Chinese-style' solar greenhouses. The most control-intensive 'high-tech' CEA approach, namely indoor vertical farming, has gained tremendous attention in the past decade by researchers and entrepreneurs around the world, owing to advancements in lighting technology, including use of light emitting diodes (LEDs), and increasing urbanization with new market opportunities. This special issue covers some of the CEA topics such as LED lighting, substrate, and hydroponics.

Standard Thermodynamic Properties, Biosynthesis Rates, and the Driving Force of Growth of Five Agricultural Plants

“…Thus, the values of the phenomenological coefficients can vary even within one species, if it is cultivated under various conditions. For example, Z. mays cultivated in Turkey and China have different phenomenological coefficients, which are influenced by use of different seeds (hybrids) and growth on different soil, as well as temperature, water, and nutrients ( Niu and Masabni, 2018 ).…”

Response of Plant Rhizosphere Microenvironment to Water Management in Soil- and Substrate-Based Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) Systems: A Review

“…Compared with natural agroecology, fragility is the major challenge for the sustainability of substrate-based CEA, which means that the system is less resistant to adversity, pests, diseases, and pathogenic bacteria ( Niu and Masabni, 2018 ) and, thus, has to rely on precise and intensive management to maintain stability. As shown in Figure 2 , the rhizosphere is the most important area of a CEA system.…”

ACHPA: A sensor based system for automatic environmental control in hydroponics

“…Automated controlled tunnel farming and hydroponic system help to overcome the problems occurred by manual control and traditional farming. Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) supplements crop production and quality by protecting the crops from pest, diseases and maintaining growing conditions (Niu & Masabni, 2018).…”