Abstract:The trend towards tunnel farming and hydroponic systems is increasing owing to the climatic changes as well as the need to increase crop yield. Hydroponic is a technique of growing plants without soil. Tunnel farming and hydroponic system requires controlled environmental parameters like temperature, humidity and soil moisture for better production of crops. This paper presents an effective method, named, ACHPA (Automatically Controlled Hydro-Ponic Agriculture) scheme that monitor and controls environmental pa… Show more
“…Furthermore, hydroponics is an effective method for conserving agricultural water, used pesticides, and fertilizers. So, there are many plants, including vegetables [ 25 , 42 , 43 ] such as onion, cucumbers, and lettuces, as well as different varieties of sorghum [ 44 ] that have been grown hydroponically with the manual management of human and/or computer. However, IoT is now being used to control hydroponic systems via mobile applications, eliminating the need for human or/and computer interaction [ 22 , 23 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, IoT is now being used to control hydroponic systems via mobile applications, eliminating the need for human or/and computer interaction [ 22 , 23 ]. Because of the wireless sensors (such as humidity, water level, pH, and temperature) and monitoring tools that are connected to a web network, smart hydroponics may be remotely managed in real time to produce crops of desired quality and quantity [ 24 , 43 , 44 ]. Hydroponic green fodder is considered to be such an ideal way for planting seeds with high protein content and metabolic energy that is easily digestible by farm animals.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Barley is an important raw resource for the feed market, and it is widely used for farm animal nutrition in the form of dry grains as well as sprouts. However, because hydroponically sprouted barley stimulates enzymes that convert the grain’s starch, protein, and lipids into simpler forms, it was preferred over dried seeds in many countries [ 43 , 44 ].…”
Background
Plant-associated microbes (endophytes) have a significant relationship to enhance plant growth and crop productivity by producing proficient bioactive metabolites. Since endophytes promoted plant growth either directly by releasing active metabolites such as phytohormones or indirectly by suppressing the growth of phytopathogens, so, in this work, biomass yield of local endophytic Trichoderma harzianum was maximized at shake-flask scale and scaled up via 7-L Bioflo310 fermenter using continuous exponential fed-batch fermentation mode. Subsequently, the effect of these cells as bio-fertilizer was assessed using two-barley grain genotypes (Russian and Egyptian seeds) via an intelligent hydroponic system based on Internet of Things (IoT).
Results
To reduce the cost of a biomass production line, agro-waste media containing potato, onion, garlic, pea, and cabbage peels were chosen as the culturing medium. The pea peel medium was found to be the best producer of biomass (2.2 g/L). The cultivation factors were evaluated to improve this biomass yield. The results showed that the maximum biomass production (4.9 g/L) was reported by adjusting the medium pH at 5.0 that inoculated with 10% of spore suspension, then incubated at 30°C, and 200 rpm. Then, this biomass yield was scaled up kinetically (505.4 g/L) by using exponential fed-batch fermentation mode via a 7-L bioreactor. The stimulation impacts of this endophytic T. harzianum on the growth of different barley genotypes (Russian and Egyptian seeds) were determined using a controlled hydroponic chamber. The total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and carbohydrate amounts in treated Russian showed the proficient stimulation percentage (81.05, 80, 40.8%) compared to the Egyptian barley groups (76.39, 73.5, 25.9%) respectively. Also, the maximum carbohydrate content (83.95 ± 1.7%) was recorded in the case of Russian barley.
Conclusion
Via this work, the optimal combination conditions for the cost-effective biomass production of endophytic T. harzianum were designed industrially via a fed-batch fermentation system using the cheapest culturing medium. Furthermore, by applying this promising bio-fertilizer, the total cost of barley production via an IoT hydroponic growing system was reduced. Besides, these animal diets (sprouted barley) could be produced in 3 cycles per month.
“…Furthermore, hydroponics is an effective method for conserving agricultural water, used pesticides, and fertilizers. So, there are many plants, including vegetables [ 25 , 42 , 43 ] such as onion, cucumbers, and lettuces, as well as different varieties of sorghum [ 44 ] that have been grown hydroponically with the manual management of human and/or computer. However, IoT is now being used to control hydroponic systems via mobile applications, eliminating the need for human or/and computer interaction [ 22 , 23 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, IoT is now being used to control hydroponic systems via mobile applications, eliminating the need for human or/and computer interaction [ 22 , 23 ]. Because of the wireless sensors (such as humidity, water level, pH, and temperature) and monitoring tools that are connected to a web network, smart hydroponics may be remotely managed in real time to produce crops of desired quality and quantity [ 24 , 43 , 44 ]. Hydroponic green fodder is considered to be such an ideal way for planting seeds with high protein content and metabolic energy that is easily digestible by farm animals.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Barley is an important raw resource for the feed market, and it is widely used for farm animal nutrition in the form of dry grains as well as sprouts. However, because hydroponically sprouted barley stimulates enzymes that convert the grain’s starch, protein, and lipids into simpler forms, it was preferred over dried seeds in many countries [ 43 , 44 ].…”
Background
Plant-associated microbes (endophytes) have a significant relationship to enhance plant growth and crop productivity by producing proficient bioactive metabolites. Since endophytes promoted plant growth either directly by releasing active metabolites such as phytohormones or indirectly by suppressing the growth of phytopathogens, so, in this work, biomass yield of local endophytic Trichoderma harzianum was maximized at shake-flask scale and scaled up via 7-L Bioflo310 fermenter using continuous exponential fed-batch fermentation mode. Subsequently, the effect of these cells as bio-fertilizer was assessed using two-barley grain genotypes (Russian and Egyptian seeds) via an intelligent hydroponic system based on Internet of Things (IoT).
Results
To reduce the cost of a biomass production line, agro-waste media containing potato, onion, garlic, pea, and cabbage peels were chosen as the culturing medium. The pea peel medium was found to be the best producer of biomass (2.2 g/L). The cultivation factors were evaluated to improve this biomass yield. The results showed that the maximum biomass production (4.9 g/L) was reported by adjusting the medium pH at 5.0 that inoculated with 10% of spore suspension, then incubated at 30°C, and 200 rpm. Then, this biomass yield was scaled up kinetically (505.4 g/L) by using exponential fed-batch fermentation mode via a 7-L bioreactor. The stimulation impacts of this endophytic T. harzianum on the growth of different barley genotypes (Russian and Egyptian seeds) were determined using a controlled hydroponic chamber. The total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and carbohydrate amounts in treated Russian showed the proficient stimulation percentage (81.05, 80, 40.8%) compared to the Egyptian barley groups (76.39, 73.5, 25.9%) respectively. Also, the maximum carbohydrate content (83.95 ± 1.7%) was recorded in the case of Russian barley.
Conclusion
Via this work, the optimal combination conditions for the cost-effective biomass production of endophytic T. harzianum were designed industrially via a fed-batch fermentation system using the cheapest culturing medium. Furthermore, by applying this promising bio-fertilizer, the total cost of barley production via an IoT hydroponic growing system was reduced. Besides, these animal diets (sprouted barley) could be produced in 3 cycles per month.
“…Based on the sensing measurments from the monitoring system that transmitted via IOT to presented on firebase plateform, a validation and evaluation of data were done to create an full automated control system for hydroponic greenhouse in both NFT and DFT systems. [21,26,27] investigated the use of an electronic sensors, Internet-of-Tings (IoT), microcontroller boards implemented to monitor the microclimate, automatic environmental control and cultivation process for hydroponic. The sensor reading is collected into a database to use later for training machine learning models and the development of intelligence automated indoor micro-climate horticulture.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Sensors such as DHT 11 and DHT 22 have been used for measuring air temperature and relative humidity;LDR module and TSL 2561 for estimating light intensity; waterproof temperature for recording the water temperature; TDS and pH kit sensors for measuring EC and pH of solution respectively. IoT allows for machine to machine interaction and controlling the hydroponic system autonomously and intelligently employing deep neural networks [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”
Aims: Sensing, monitoring and control the micro-climate measurements and environmental conditions of greenhouse prototype to create a smart hydroponic greenhouse for maximizing the food production as well as minimizing the ecological footprint under the climate change impacts, Coved 19 crisis, and natural resources shortages.
Study Design: Factorial with 3 replicates.
Place and Duration of Study: Central Laboratory for Agriculture Climate (CLAC), Agriculture Research Center, Egypt during 2020.
Methodology: Two systems of hydroponic culture, nutrient film technique (NFT) and deep flow technique (DFT) that cultivated by lettuce plants were established under greenhouse (polycarbonate) prototype (0.8 * 1.2 * 0.6 m) designed with artificial grown light and cooling system. Based on Arduino Mega 2560 that programmed via the Arduino IDE program, different sensors and actuators were used to establishing the smart greenhouse. Internet of things (IoT) via Node MCU ESP 8266 that programmed to transmitted the data every 30 min. to the internet web google platform (Firebase) for presenting the real-time records and hosting the data. Vegetative characteristics; yield parameters and N, P, and K contents of lettuce plants were measured.
Results: the smart greenhouse worked according to the programming of Arduino Mega and Node MCU with high efficiency. Google firebase platform displays the real-time records and hosts about 100 thousand different sensor records during the lettuce season. Decreasing the distance between the lettuce and artificial lightning source led to increasing the intensity of light that had a positive impact on lettuce growth but it wasn't sufficient to give a high quality of lettuce yield under the experiment. NFT system gave higher values of average No. of leaves and fresh weight of lettuce plants than DFT system that presented higher plant length.
Conclusion: Integrated monitoring and control system and IOT provide a wireless sensors network that offered a high capability of accessing huge data anywhere and anytime. Smart management of nutrient solution (TDS, pH, temperature, and level), without smart control, were not useful enough regarding the rapid solution changes and the need for a high response.
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