Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Infecting Grapevine in Southern Spain and Susceptible Reaction to Root-Knot Nematodes of Rootstocks Reported as Moderately Resistant

Abstract

Incidence and nematode population densities of plant-parasitic nematodes were determined in 64 samples of soil and grapevine roots collected from commercial vineyards in southern Spain between October 2003 and May 2005. In addition, a histopathological study was done of root-stock roots naturally infected by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Nematodes infecting the rootstocks were identified according to conventional procedures, and the Meloidogyne spp. were furthermore identified by sequence characterized amplified region-polymerase chain reaction (SCAR-PCR) and isozyme esterase analyses. The most important plant-parasitic nematodes detected, in order of decreasing frequency of total soil infestation and root infection (percentage of samples), were Mesocriconema xenoplax (34.4%), Meloidogyne incognita (26.6%), Meloidogyne javanica (14.1%), Xiphinema index (12.5%), Xiphinema italiae (10.9%), Pratylenchus vulnus (6.3%), and Meloidogyne arenaria (1.6%). No disease symptoms were observed on aboveground plant parts of the infected grapevines, except for plants in some fields where soil was infested with the virus-vector nematodes X. index and X. italiae. Those grapevines showed a yellow mosaic pattern in leaves early in the growing season and the internode shortening characteristic of infections by Grapevine fanleaf virus. Rootstocks infected by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) showed distorted feeder roots and large- to moderate-sized root galls, present either singly or in clusters. Histopathology of galled roots showed a typical susceptible response to infection by root-knot nematodes: cellular alterations were induced in the cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and vascular system, including giant-cell formation and severe distortion of vascular tissues. Most Meloidogyne egg masses ocurred on the surface of the galled root tissues, a position that could facilitate dispersion of the nematode eggs and juveniles and the occurrence of secondary infections. Some of the grapevine rootstocks surveyed in this study (Paulsen 1103, Richter 110, Rupestris du Lot, and SO4) had previously been reported to be resistant to Meloidogyne spp.; however, the population densities of these nematodes found in soil and roots sampled in the present study, as well as the compatible host-parasite relationship revealed by histopathology, indicate a susceptible response to Meloidogyne spp. from southern Spain.

Resistance assessment of grapevine rootstocks used in Chile to the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne ethiopica, M. hapla, and M. javanica

“…Data from Spain (Téliz et al, 2007;Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez et al, 2011) Junto con ello se evaluó la susceptibilidad de tres cultivares no injertados, Thompson Seedless, Pinot Noir y Chardonnay. Para ello, al inicio de la primavera, plantas nuevas de 2 meses de desarrollo producidas a partir de estacas, cultivadas en macetas de 3 L con sustratos estéril, fueron inoculadas con 5.000 huevos por maceta y mantenidas en un sector habilitado con malla raschel durante 6 meses.…”

Registro da ocorrência de Meloidogyne incognita no porta-enxerto 'IAC 766-Campinas' no estado de Pernambuco e reação de porta-enxertos e de cultivares copa de videira a Meloidogyne spp.

“…Com exceção dos dois últimos porta-enxertos, os demais foram referidos na literatura como resistentes às espécies de maior frequência no Brasil, M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria e M. hapla (CAMPoS et al, 2003;TÉLiS;LANDA, 2007). Além do mais, 'So4' foi resistente a Tylenchulus semipenatrans e Pratylenchus spp.…”

Reação de porta-enxertos de videira a Pratylenchus brachyurus e Pratylenchus zeae

“…e Pratylenchus spp. são considerados os mais danosos para a cultura (Smith, 1982 (Anwar & Van Gundy, 1989;Pinkerton et al, 1999;Téliz et al, 2007). Em alguns trabalhos, Pratylenchus spp.…”

“…No levantamento realizado por Pinkerton et al (1999), P. crenatus e P. neglectus foram encontrados em 80% das amostras analisadas; entretanto, em menor escala, P. penetrans também foi registrado durante o estudo. Na Espanha, além de P. neglectus e P. penetrans, outras espécies de Pratylenchus foram recuperadas do solo e raízes de videiras cultivadas em diferentes regiões, como P. thornei e P. vulnus, sendo esta última a mais frequente e em maior população (Téliz et al, 2007). No Brasil, no Rio Grande do Sul, Pratylenchus spp.…”

“…foram associados a 40,9% de videiras com sintomas de definhamento, porém, sem comprovação da patogenicidade (Gomes et al, 2001). De acordo com Barbosa et al (2010) Alguns porta-enxertos avaliados nesse trabalho também apresentaram resistência a Meloidogyne spp., tais como SO4, Kober, 101-14 e R99 (Kuhn & Fajardo, 2003), fato importante, visto que a ocorrência de populações mistas do nematoide das lesões e o das galhas é frequente em áreas de cultivo de videiras (Pinkerton et al, 1999;McKenry & Anwar, 2006;Téliz et al, 2007).…”