Planning the coordination of overcurrent relays for distribution systems considering network reconfiguration and load restoration

Abstract

The power distribution system is evolving in the form of smart grid. The proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs) is making the previously passive system active and more complicated. With the adoption of de-carbonization principles, large-scale coal and nuclear power plants are being gradually replaced by renewables and carbon-free DERs. With this rapid transformation, power system is operating with less inertia and minimal margins. In recent years, power system is facing apocalyptic weather events more frequently, and largescale blackout have become regulars. After the complete or partial blackouts, power system goes through different stages before it reaches the normal operating condition. The load restoration is the stage where power system is fully established after the blackouts; however, due to the limiting ramping rates of centralized generation, the energization of large amounts of loads is delayed by some time. In order to mitigate the negative impact of ramping rates of centralized generation, DERs in distribution systems are proposed to serve the loads in both transmission and distribution systems in coordination with limited centralized generation in transmission system. The problem is formulated as centralized or integrated transmission and distribution (T&D) coordination model. The modified IEEE 14 bus test case and IEEE 13 node test feeders are used to validate the proposed strategy; the results indicate the validity of the proposed model.

Hybrid Islanding Detection Method of Photovoltaic-Based Microgrid Using Reference Current Disturbance

“…It is noteworthy that in the presented results, the GCPVS is protected against the overcurrent through an instantaneous relay installed at its terminal. This relay is set to disconnect the GCPVS with a 50 ms delay after observing I DG ≥ 125% in any phase [28].…”

A novel adaptive protection coordination scheme for radial distribution networks in the presence of distributed generation

“…On the other hand, online protection coordination can be realized by adaptive protection setting, 26,37,38 group setting, 39‐41 telecommunication between protection devices, 26,42 and using multi‐agent‐based 13,28,43‐45 coordination methods. In some online methods, 46‐50 the optimal setting of protection devices can be determined for each change in the topology of the network or DG output. However, this may increase the complexity and implementation cost of the method.…”

Highly sensitive microgrid protection using overcurrent relays with a novel relay characteristic

“…This quantity is typically chosen to be between 0.2 and 0.5 s in the literature and is set to 0.3 s in this paper. Encouraging proposals to accomplish overcurrent coordination have been published in the literature such as adaptive protection [3,4,[17][18][19][20][21][22], fault current limiter installation to mitigate the impact of distributed generation [1, [23][24][25][26][27], restriction of distributed generation in faulty conditions [28], fault ride-through control of the inverter [2,[29][30][31], optimal distributed generator (DG) location and sizing [1,32], planning schemes [24,25], clustering [33] and communication-based dual setting methods [15,16,34]. Some demerits of each scheme are outlined in [3].…”