The power distribution system is evolving in the form of smart grid. The proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs) is making the previously passive system active and more complicated. With the adoption of de-carbonization principles, large-scale coal and nuclear power plants are being gradually replaced by renewables and carbon-free DERs. With this rapid transformation, power system is operating with less inertia and minimal margins. In recent years, power system is facing apocalyptic weather events more frequently, and largescale blackout have become regulars. After the complete or partial blackouts, power system goes through different stages before it reaches the normal operating condition. The load restoration is the stage where power system is fully established after the blackouts; however, due to the limiting ramping rates of centralized generation, the energization of large amounts of loads is delayed by some time. In order to mitigate the negative impact of ramping rates of centralized generation, DERs in distribution systems are proposed to serve the loads in both transmission and distribution systems in coordination with limited centralized generation in transmission system. The problem is formulated as centralized or integrated transmission and distribution (T&D) coordination model. The modified IEEE 14 bus test case and IEEE 13 node test feeders are used to validate the proposed strategy; the results indicate the validity of the proposed model.
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