Piezoelectric nanocomposites for sonodynamic bacterial elimination and wound healing

The promise of low-intensity ultrasound: A review on sonosensitizers and sonocatalysts by ultrasonic activation for bacterial killing

“…Take inorganic sonocatalysts ZnO nanofluids as an example, after sonoluminescence excitation, the sonocatalyst with the gas nucleus and semiconductor property generate carriers, which separate and diffuse to the sonosensitizer surface. The electrons on the conduction band are captured by O 2 to generate a large amount of •O 2 − (reaction 8) [24] , [43] , O 2 + e - →•O 2 − …”

“…Au NPs serve as nucleation sites, lower the cavitation threshold and further increase the cavitation rate [89] . Wu et al [24] synthesized a piezoelectric nanocomposite material, barium titanate (BaTiO 3 , BTO) nanocubes loaded with Au NPs (Au@BTO NPs), resulting in the separation and migration of electron-hole pairs, which in turn increases the yield of ROS (•OH, 1 O 2 ) for inactivating S. aureus and E. coli . This work suggested that BTO has an excellent electromechanical conversion rate and high-voltage electrical coefficient.…”

“…Rahman et al [40] studied the effect of non-woven TiO 2 combined with ultrasound on lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and found that •OH produced by the reaction of non-woven TiO 2 significantly increased the lipid peroxidation level of bacteria membranes. Wu et al [24] found that Au@BTO NPs combining with ultrasound had an excellent antibacterial efficiency against both Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive S. aureus , they deduced that the sonodynamic ROS generation induced lipid peroxidation in cytomembrane, which enhanced the permeability of cell membrane and finally led to the intracellular protein leakage and irreversible damage to bacteria. Martins et al [101] got the same result in cancer cells, they studied the application of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) as a sonosensitizer and discovered that the level of cellular lipid peroxidation increased three times after sonication.…”

“…Alternatively, sonodynamic therapy is an effective method to induce bacterial death by using the combination of ultrasound and sonosensitizers to generate ROS for inactivation [24] . In fact, with the development of sonosensitizers, compared with ultrasonic treatment alone, sonosensitizers can increase the ROS yield, and also reduce energy cost.…”

Conductive Biomaterials as Bioactive Wound Dressing for Wound Healing and Skin Tissue Engineering

“…The sophisticated conductive biomaterial-based wound dressings with similar conductivity to that of human skin have demonstrated significant enhancement in wound healing and exhibited great potential in different types of wounds, as full-thickness acute wound, infected wound, and diabetic wound [37,51,52]. The basic principle of fabricating conductive wound dressing is to incorporate the electroactive substances mainly including carbon nanomaterial [5,53,54], conductive polymers (CPs) [55,56], or metal-based materials [57][58][59][60] into the polymeric biomaterial [51]. So far, there have designed a lot of conductive wound dressings in different forms, as film, membrane, electrospun nanofiber, hydrogel, cryogel, and foam [37,61,62].…”