Multidrug-resistant
bacteria caused by the unlimited overuse of
antibiotics pose a great challenge to global health. An antibacterial
method based on reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the effective
strategies without inducing bacterial resistance. Owing to the ability
of generating ROS, piezocatalytic material-mediated sonodynamic therapy
(SDT) has drawn much attention. However, its major challenge is the
low ROS generation efficiency in the piezocatalytic process due to
the poor charge carrier concentration of piezoelectric materials.
Vacancy engineering can regulate the charge density and largely promote
ROS generation under ultrasound (US) irradiation. Herein, a US-responsive
self-doped barium titanate with controlled oxygen vacancy (Vo) concentrations
was successfully synthesized through a facile thermal reduction treatment
at different temperatures (i.e., 350, 400, and 450 °C), and the
corresponding samples were named as BTO-350, BTO-400, and BTO-450,
respectively. Then, the effect of Vo concentrations on ROS generation
efficiency during the piezocatalytic process was systematically studied.
And BTO-400 was found to possess the highest piezocatalytic activity
and excellent sonodynamic antibacterial performance against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, its antibacterial mechanism was confirmed that the
ROS generated under US could damage bacterial cell membrane and cause
considerable leakage of cytoplasmic components and irreversible death
of bacteria. Notably, the in vivo results illustrated that the BTO-400
could serve as an effective antibacterial agent and accelerate skin
healing via SDT therapy. In all, the Vo defect-modified nano-BaTiO3 has a noticeable potential to induce a rapid and efficient
sterilization as well as skin tissue repair by SDT.