Pickering emulsion‐templated ionotropic gelation of tocotrienol microcapsules: effects of alginate and chitosan concentrations and gelation process parameters

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Throughout the past decade, Pickering emulsion has been increasingly utilized for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds due to its high stability and biocompatibility. In the present work, palm tocotrienols were initially encapsulated in a calcium carbonate Pickering emulsion, which was then subjected to alginate gelation and subsequent chitosan coating. The effects of wall material (alginate and chitosan) concentrations, gelation pH and time, and chitosan coating time on the encapsulation efficiency of palm tocotrienols were explored. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that uncoated alginate microcapsules ruptured upon drying and exhibited low encapsulation efficiency (13.81 ± 2.76%). However, the addition of chitosan successfully provided a more complex and rigid external wall structure to enhance the stability of the microcapsules. By prolonging the crosslinking time from 5 to 30 min and increasing the chitosan concentration from 0.1% to 0.5%, the oil encapsulation efficiency was increased by 28%. Under the right gelation pH (pH 4), the extension of gelation time from 1 to 12 h resulted in an increase in alginate-Ca 2+ crosslinkings, thus strengthening the microcapsules.CONCLUSION: With the optimum formulation and process parameters, a high encapsulation efficiency (81.49 ± 1.75%) with an elevated oil loading efficiency (63.58 ± 2.96%) were achieved. The final product is biocompatible and can potentially be used for the delivery of palm tocotrienols.

Geles de proteínas vegetales y polisacáridos como sistema de transporte en alimentos: una revisión narrativa breve

“…Sin embargo, las partículas pueden presentar una forma distorsionada y una aglutinación marcada al secarse en el horno. Esto demostró que tanto el glutaraldehído como el alcohol isopropílico no producen un endurecimiento adecuado de las microesferas, es decir, la formación correcta de una pared externa resistente a procesos físicos, químicos o enzimáticos posteriores (Chan, 2011;Tan et al, 2021). Además, los disolventes orgánicos como el glutaraldehído, que se utilizan para aumentar la resistencia de las microesferas mediante reticulación, son difíciles de eliminar en el producto final y están limitados por sus efectos tóxicos (Avelar et al, 2021).…”

Preparation of Multicore Colloidosomes: Nanoparticle-Assembled Capsules with Adjustable Size, Internal Structure, and Functionalities for Oil Encapsulation

“…Oil-core colloidosomes were prepared to address the usual volatility or stability concerns inherent with hydrophobic actives (e.g., flavors, fragrance, antioxidants, vitamins, pesticides, etc.). 32−44 Such oil-core systems are usually produced from a Pickeringemulsion template, with particles locked together in a robust shell through thermal annealing, 16 layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition, 33−35 ionotropic gelation, 36,37 cross-linking, 38−40 interfacial polymerization, 41 or growing of an additional inorganic 42,43 or metallic shell. 44 However, such approaches exhibit certain limitations.…”

“…Oil-core colloidosomes were prepared to address the usual volatility or stability concerns inherent with hydrophobic actives (e.g., flavors, fragrance, antioxidants, vitamins, pesticides, etc. ). − …”

“…Such oil-core systems are usually produced from a Pickering-emulsion template, with particles locked together in a robust shell through thermal annealing, layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition, − ionotropic gelation, , cross-linking, − interfacial polymerization, or growing of an additional inorganic , or metallic shell . However, such approaches exhibit certain limitations.…”

Preparation of Multicore Colloidosomes: Nanoparticle-Assembled Capsules with Adjustable Size, Internal Structure, and Functionalities for Oil Encapsulation

“…Flavors, fragrances, antioxidants, vitamins, pesticides, etc.). [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] These oil-core systems are conventionally produced from a Pickering-emulsion template, with particles locked together in a robust shell through thermal annealing, [16] layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition, [33][34][35] ionotropic gelation, [36,37] cross-linking, [38][39][40] interfacial polymerization [41] or growing of an additional inorganic [42,43] or metallic shell [44] . However, such approaches exhibit certain limitations.…”