Phytochemical screening of two Ilam native plants Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. and Ziziphus spina-christi (Mill.) Georgi using HS-SPME and GC-MS spectroscopy

Abstract

Essential oils are aromatic compounds widely used in the perfumery, pharmaceutical and food industries. There are several methods to extract essential oils and extracts. These methods include distillation, pressure or scraping, pressing and razor technique, headspace solid-phase micro extraction (HS-SPME), solvent extraction, extraction by bioactive hydrolyzing enzymes, and CO2 extraction. The aim of this study was to investigate the amounts of active ingredients of essential oils of medicinal plants Ziziphus nummularia and Ziziphus spina-christi by HS-SPME so that it can more easily move towards production of effective herbal remedies by identifying the main and active ingredients of the plants. The main chemical compound of Z. spina-christi essential oil was found to be trans-caryophyllene (17.31%), followed by alpha-pinene (15.50%), beta-caryophyllene (10.86%), and beta-pinene (7.32%). The main compound of Z. nummularia essential oil was tetradecane (16.76%), followed by hexadecane (9.35%), dl-limonene (5.75%), cyclohexan-1-ol, 3 meth (5.54%), trans-caryophyllene (5.47%), and beta-myrcene (5.28%). Chemical compounds of Ziziphus spina-christi included carbobicyclic or bicycleheptane, sesquiterpenes derived from germacrene, bicyclic monoterpenes, and monoterpenes, while the main compounds of Z. nummularia included monoterpenes, aliphatic hydrocarbons, alkane hydrocarbons, primary terpene compounds, and decarbonated alcohol. Identification of chemical and biological constituents of essential oils of medicinal plants is a valuable way to identify medicinal compounds that can be used to treat diseases by combining the traditional effects and the main compounds in the experimental pharmacy studies.

Chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and antidiabetic potential of essential oil of Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb

“…Helium (49.6 psi) was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL/min which propelled the compounds and also act as reagent gas that causes charge-exchange chemical ionization of the analytes which are then separated on the basis of mass-to-charge ( m/z ) ratios. These components are then identified through comparison with known standards in literature [ 20 ].…”

“…The identification of major constituents of essential oil was done by comparison of their retention times and retention indices with those of authentic compounds reported in the literature. The essential oil components were identified by comparing their retention indices and mass spectral fragmentation patterns the compounds present with those reported in the Wiley and NIST libraries, mass spectral library, and also with mass spectral data reported in the literature [ 20 , 21 ]. Kovats retention indices were also determined using formula: …”

Ethnopharmacology, Biological Evaluation, and Chemical Composition of Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.: A Review

“…A summary of other polyphenolic compounds isolated/detected in Z. spina are presented in Table 2 and Figure 3 . Using head space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and GC-MS methods, identification of α -pinene, β -pinene, β -myrcene, β -phellandrene, L-menthone, carane, trans-caryophyllene, and bicyclogermacrene was achieved as the major constituents of the essential oils of Ziziphus spina-christi [ 180 ]. Odeh et al [ 181 ] reported the presence of benzaldehyde, phenylacetyldehyde, phenylethylalcohol, benzene, acetonitrile, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, 2-methoxy-4-(1-propanol)-6-acetate phenol, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, 1-hydroxy-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene, and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furan carbonyldehyde in honey obtained from Z. spina using HS-SPME-GC-MS methods.…”

The most important medicinal plants affecting sperm and testosterone production: a systematic review

“…In Iranian herbal medicine, many medicinal plants are used to treat various disorders and diseases. One of the most important reasons for the effectiveness of medicinal plants is the presence of effective medicinal substances ( Solati et al ., 2021 ; Bahmani et al ., 2020 ; Aidy et al ., 2020 ; Karimi et al ., 2019 ; Abbasi et al ., 2016 ; 2020 ). The effect of medicinal plants on sperm production and testosterone is due to the presence of secondary medicinal compounds.…”