Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of Tendrils and Leaves Extracts from a Variety of Vitis vinifera L.

Abstract

Winery industry by-products have a great reuse potential in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields due to their bioactive compounds. This study investigates the phytochemical profile and the bioactivity of Vitis vinifera variety Fetească neagră tendrils extract (TE) and leaves extract (LE), intended to be used in oral hygiene products recommended in periodontal disease. The evaluation of the phenolic content was performed by colorimetric analysis. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to determine the chemical profile of the two extracts obtained from V. vinifera. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometric methods, as well as on human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) cell line. The cytocompatibility and cytoprotective effect against nicotine-induced cytotoxicity were tested, as well as the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. The TE showed higher total polyphenolic content, rich in rutin, compared to the leaves extract that displayed important amounts of isoquercitrin. The antioxidant effect was confirmed by both non-cellular and cellular tests. The cytocompatibility of the extracts was confirmed at a wide range of concentrations. The cytoprotective effect was demonstrated in HGF exposed to cytotoxic doses of nicotine; 300 µg/mL of both tested extracts decreased nicotine toxicity by approximately 20%. When challenged with E. coli polysaccharides, in HGF cells co-exposed to TE and LE, a reduction in the release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-6 and IL-1β) was observed. The extracts were both able to reduce the levels of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines, and had notable antimicrobial effects on pathogenic bacteria associated with periodontitis.

Antifungal Activity of Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds from Different Matrices of Vitis vinifera L. against Human Pathogens

“…The main flavonols and hydroxycinnamic acids in the leaves are quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside and caftaric acid; catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1 and quercetin-3-O-galactoside are the most represented flavan-3-ols and flavonols in the stems and canes. The main stilbenes as trans-ε-viniferin, trans-resveratrol, isohopeaphenol/hopeaphenol, vitisin B and ampelopsins have been found primarily in the roots, the canes and the stems, whereas the leaves present a low concentration of these compounds [30,31]. Unripe grapes are a large source of waste material obtained from the wine industry.…”

Research Advances in the Use of Bioactive Compounds from Vitis vinifera By-Products in Oral Care

“…V. vinifera tendrils have been reported to have considerable amounts of valuable compounds, such as phenolic acids (gallic, protocatechuic, caffeic, ellagic and caftaric acids) and flavonols (rutin), [ 16 , 34 , 35 ]. Grape leaves are documented for a wide range of compounds of interest: phenolic acids, flavonols, procyanidins, anthocyanins, and tannins [ 34 , 36 , 37 ]. Flavonol glycosides were detected in higher amounts in leaves than in other by-products [ 7 ].…”

“…Thus, the antibacterial action of GSE against two of the anaerobic bacteria associated with the periodontal disease, P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum was reported by Furiga et al [ 89 ] Another study investigated different compounds isolated from Thompson seedless raisins, out of which oleanolic acid, oleanolic aldehyde, and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural were shown to suppress the growth of P. gingivalis [ 27 ]. Recently, the antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis and S. mutans was reported for tendrils and leaves extracts [ 34 ].…”

“…In a comparative study between leaves and tendril extracts, Moldovan at al. reported that the tendril extract exhibited better antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects on human gingival fibroblasts [ 34 ]. The authors hypothesized that the difference in the observed effects is due to the higher total phenolic content measured in tendrils extract [ 34 ].…”

“…Exposure to the leaves extract attenuated the pro-inflammatory response after LPS stimulation by decreasing the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. Moreover, the extract displayed a cytoprotective effect, by decreasing the nicotine-induced toxicity, nicotine being one of the most important factors in the development and the progression of PD [ 34 ]. The anti-inflammatory effect of grapevine leaf extract was also confirmed by in vivo studies [ 151 ].…”