Phytochemical Fingerprints of Copaiba Oils (Copaifera multijugaHayne) Determined by Multivariate Analysis

Abstract

Oils of various species of Copaifera are commonly found in pharmacies and on popular markets and are widely sold for their medicinal properties. However, the chemical variability between and within species and the lack of standardization of these oils have presented barriers to their wider commercialization. With the aim to recognize patterns for the chemical composition of copaiba oils, 22 oil samples of C. multijuga Hayne species were collected, esterified with CH2 N2 , and characterized by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses. The chromatographic data were processed using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). In total, 35 components were identified in the oils, and the multivariate analyses (MVA) allowed the samples to be divided into three groups, with the sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide as the main components. These sesquiterpenes, which were detected in all the samples analyzed in different concentrations, were the most important constituents in the differentiation of the groups. There was a prevalence of sesquiterpenes in all the oils studied. In conclusion, GC-FID and GC/MS analyses combined with MVA can be used to determine the chemical composition and to recognize chemical patterns of copaiba oils.

Immunomodulatory action of Copaifera spp oleoresins on cytokine production by human monocytes

“…Barbosa et al analysed 22 oleoresins collected from C. multijuga in Amazonas, Brazil, and 35 constituents were identified [20]. These oils, commonly characterized by the presence of sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, contained seven compounds that were detected in (2), ent-3b-copalic acid (3), entcopalic acid (4), ent-3b-acetoxy copalic acid (5), ent-polyalthic acid (6), 3-(methyl)-5-(2,2,6-trimethyl-6-hydroxy-1-cyclohexyl)-pentanoic acid (7).…”

“…Thus, the lack of standardization of these oils has been a barrier to their wider commercialization. The chemical composition of 22 oil samples collected from C. multijuga Hayne species was investigated and sesquiterpenes were detected in all the samples in different concentrations [20].…”

Biopharmaceutical Products and Biomaterials of the Amazon Region Used in Dentistry

“…The results of the chromatographic analysis of C. multijuga oil revealed that the structures of its components are made up of various sesquiterpenes, primarily being constituted of β-caryophyllene and its oxide, forming its biological activity [26][27][28]. In [29], a high proportion of sesquiterpenes (88.55-98.05%) was revealed in the copaiba oils analyzed, with β-caryophyllene being the main type.…”

Fast-Acting and Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Neuronal Signaling Pathways by Copaiba Essential Oil

“…Commercially traded copaiba oleoresin is often a mixture of oleoresin from many trees and species, which complicates the botanical species identification and reduces the manufacturing precision of copaiba essential oil. A broad range of analytical methods coupled with sophisticated chemometrics have been developed to identify chemical variations in copaiba essential oil [8][9][10][11]. However, how such chemical variations affect the biological activities and the safety and efficacy profiles of copaiba essential oil remains unclear.…”