Óleos de copaíba são importantes produtos naturais que têm sido amplamente utilizados por suas atividades cicatrizantes e anti-inflamatórias. Constituídos de sesquiterpenos e diterpenos, estes óleos apresentam composição química variável que, segundo a literatura pode ser originada por diversos fatores bióticos e abióticos. Com o objetivo de analisar a relação entre a composição química e fatores abióticos como sazonalidade, diâmetro à altura do peito (DBH) e composição do solo, dezesseis amostras de óleo-resina de Copaifera multijuga Hayne, provenientes da Reserva Florestal Ducke (Manaus-AM, Brasil), foram analisadas por cromatografia gasosa com detector de ionização de chama (GC-FID) e acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS). Trinta e cinco substâncias foram identificadas e os resultados avaliados por técnicas de análise multivariada (análises de agrupamento hierárquico (HCA) e a análise de componentes principais (PCA)), permitindo a diferenciação das amostras em dois grupos com composições distintas. Um deles apresentou como substância majoritária b-cariofileno enquanto o outro apresentou o óxido de cariofileno, essa variação na composição parece depender do tipo de solo. Outros fatores, anteriormente descritos como essenciais para a definição da composição química dos óleos de copaíba, como sazonalidade e DBH, não mostraram influência significativa sobre a composição química dos óleos-resina desta espécie.Copaiba oils are important medicinal products used primarily for their healing and antiinflammatory activities. Consisting of sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, these oils have variable composition which, according to the literature, may originate from several factors. In order to analyze the relationship between chemical composition and abiotic factors such as seasonality, diameter at breast height (DBH) and soil composition, sixteen of oilresin samples of Copaifera multijuga Hayne, from the Ducke Forest Reserve (Manaus City, Amazon State, Brazil), were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-five compounds were identified and the results evaluated by multivariate analysis (hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA)), allowing differentiation of the samples into two groups with different compositions. One of them presented b-caryophyllene as the major constituent, while the other presented caryophyllene oxide. This variation in composition appears to depend on soil type. Other factors previously described as essential for defining the chemical composition of copaiba oils, such as seasonality and DBH, showed no significant influence on the chemical composition of oils of this species.Keywords: oilresins, chemical variability, multivariate analysis, seasonal influence, diameter at breast height, soil type Influence of Abiotic Factors on the Chemical Composition of Copaiba Oil (Copaifera multijuga Hayne) J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 1824 IntroductionThe genus Copaifera belongs to the family Fabaceae,...
Oils of various species of Copaifera are commonly found in pharmacies and on popular markets and are widely sold for their medicinal properties. However, the chemical variability between and within species and the lack of standardization of these oils have presented barriers to their wider commercialization. With the aim to recognize patterns for the chemical composition of copaiba oils, 22 oil samples of C. multijuga Hayne species were collected, esterified with CH2 N2 , and characterized by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses. The chromatographic data were processed using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). In total, 35 components were identified in the oils, and the multivariate analyses (MVA) allowed the samples to be divided into three groups, with the sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide as the main components. These sesquiterpenes, which were detected in all the samples analyzed in different concentrations, were the most important constituents in the differentiation of the groups. There was a prevalence of sesquiterpenes in all the oils studied. In conclusion, GC-FID and GC/MS analyses combined with MVA can be used to determine the chemical composition and to recognize chemical patterns of copaiba oils.
Anatomy study of wood and dendrochronology of Copaifera multijuga Hayne trees in the Brazilian Amazon and its relation to the management and extraction of oleoresin The aiming of this study was to evaluate which factors affect the sustainability of the production of oil resin extraction in Copaifera multijuga trees such wood anatomical structure and growth rings. Among productive and non-productive trees, it was selected 60 trees from a natural population in the A. Ducke Forest Reserve in Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil (two distinct groups were chosen 7 and 32 years interval of extractions). For reforested areas 70 trees were chosen in two stands at Tropical Silviculture Station also near Manaus. The oleoresin extraction was monitored during three years in trees of natural populations. It was taken into account DBH, % heartwood, tree ages, time and seasonality. In plantation systems C. multijuga trees were evaluated in relation of their production. From the two study-areas, it was collected radial wood samples in producing and non-producing oilresin trees for wood density (X-ray densitometry), as well anatomical structure of xylem and growth rings. The growth rings were analyzed to study the effect of climatic seasonality, to determine tree ages, the accumulated radial increment and annual rates of tree growth. They also were related to precipitation and temperature of the analyzed period. The results showed that both productive and non-productive trees can generate descendent with these two phenotypes. The oil resin production showed stronger relationship with diameter and % trunk heartwood than age. Interval time between extractions affects directly the production and the best period to collect them is in the rainy season. The oleoresin coloring ranged from colorless to medium brown, with a density of 0,92 g.cm-3 and viscosity of 37,3 MPa/s. Its chemical composition was not associated with age or soil type. β-cariofileno was the major constituent. Trees classified as productive differ to non productive in their wood anatomy only by largest vessel diameters shown in productive trees. All C. multijuga trees produce oleoresin, however not all of them are productive. The oleoresin synthesized in the epithelial cells of the secretory channels is transported and stored in the vessels of the heartwood by the radial parenchyma.The radial profile of wood density of C. multijuga trees allows the demarcation of growth ring limits, indicating a gradual increase in the pith-bark and 0,74 g.cm-3 mean apparent density. Dendrocronological analysis proved that growth rings has been formed annually. It was observed 108 years-old C. multijuga trees in natural population. Precipitation has more influence in tree growth than temperature. Finally, growth ring analysis showed that annual growth increment of trunk radius in natural population and plantations were 0,24 and 0,31 cm, respectively.
The vegetative propagation by cuttings can be an advantageous alternative to the production of Himatanthus sucuuba seedlings because it allows the obtention of a large number of plants genetically identical to the matrix plant in a shorter time and space. However, such a technique is simultaneously influenced by different factors that can compromise its success. In this sense, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different types of cuttings and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentration, on the survival and rooting of cuttings of H. sucuuba. The experimental design used was in randomized complete blocks, with a factorial arrangement: 2 types of cuttings (with and without leaves) and 3 concentrations of IBA (0, 1000 and 3000 mg L–1). After 100 days, were evaluated the following variables: survival (%), rooting (%), number of roots per cutting, length of the largest root (cm), number of leaves and dry biomass. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means compared by Tukey’s test at p < 0.05. The survival and rooting percentages were higher than 70% in all treatments. There was no significance for the interaction of the factors analyzed, neither for the effect of AIB, analyzed in isolation. The type of stake exerted the greatest influence, with emphasis on the cuttings with leaves, which stood out in most of the factors analyzed. The propagation of H. sucuuba to cuttings was considered viable, and the maintenance of the leaves, associated with juvenility of the propagules, was determining factors in the conditions in which this study was developed.
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