Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in food‐producing animals. Part III: Sheep and goat

Abstract

This report is the third in a series of studies that aimed to compile physiological parameters related to develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for drugs and environmental chemicals in food‐producing animals including swine and cattle (Part I), chickens and turkeys (Part II), and finally sheep and goats (the focus of this manuscript). Literature searches were conducted in multiple databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest), with data on relevant parameters including body weight, relative organ weight (% of body weight), cardiac output, relative organ blood flow (% of cardiac output), residual blood volume (% of organ weight), and hematocrit reviewed and statistically summarized. The mean and standard deviation of each parameter are presented in tables. Equations describing the growth curves of sheep and goats are presented in figures. When data are sufficient, parameter values are reported for different ages or production classes of sheep, including fetal sheep, lambs, and market‐age sheep (mature sheep). These data provide a reference database for developing standardized PBPK models to predict drug withdrawal intervals in sheep and goats, and also provide a basis for extrapolating PBPK models from major species such as cattle to minor species such as sheep and goats.

Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in food‐producing animals. Part II: Chicken and turkey

“…Overall, the mean hematocrit values were 32.0% for chickens regardless of production class and 35.5% for turkeys. These values are comparable to those of adult cattle (37.8%), calves (33.7%), swine (41.2%), sheep (36.15%), and goats (29.38%) (Li et al., 2020 ; Lin et al., 2020 ). In Sturkie and Eiel ( 1966 ), the mean was 46.7% with a SD of 0.963 from 32 chickens, which is higher than most of the values collected in this study but is comparable with Bond and Gilbert ( 1958 ) which provided 45% as the mean among 3 animals.…”

“…Compiled tables of individual parameters are presented in the manuscript. This manuscript is part two of three in a larger series for food animals (Li et al., 2020 …”

Toward assessing the role of dietary fatty acids in lamb's neurological and cognitive development

“…In sheep, the brain weight is about 0.26% of total body weight ( 74 ). In humans, the brain represents around 2% of adult total body weight but spends 20% of the total body's oxygen demand ( 75 ).…”

Application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models to promote the development of veterinary drugs with high efficacy and safety

“…The species‐dependent physiological and anatomical parameters and the drug‐dependent physicochemical and kinetic parameters can be collected from the literature. The experimentally collected physiological parameter values of common laboratory and several domestic animals have been summarized (Table 2), including mice (Brown et al, 1997), cattle (Lin et al, 2020), goats (Li et al, 2020), swine (Lin et al, 2020), and broiler chickens (Wang et al, 2020). Moreover, the sources of physiological parameters of crucian carp (Yang et al, 2015, 2018), as well as pilot whales, polar bears, and harbor porpoises (Dietz et al, 2015; Weijs et al, 2013, 2014), have been provided.…”

“…Building the physiological parameter library of livestock animals and including livestock animals into custom PBPK software is also an opportunity to reduce the extra‐label use of drugs in livestock farming, thus ensuring the safety of animal products, reducing antimicrobial resistance, and environmental exposure risks. Fortunately, the relatively complete physiological parameters of common farm animals were summarized in the recent publications (Lin et al, 2020; Wang et al, 2020; Li et al, 2020).…”