Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in food‐producing animals. Part II: Chicken and turkey

Abstract

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are growing in popularity due to human food safety concerns and for estimating drug residue distribution and estimating withdrawal intervals for veterinary products originating from livestock species. This paper focuses on the physiological and anatomical data, including cardiac output, organ weight, and blood flow values, needed for PBPK modeling applications for avian species commonly consumed in the poultry market. Experimental and field studies from 1940 to 2019 for broiler chickens (1–70 days old, 40 g ‐ 3.2 kg), laying hens (4–15 months old, 1.1–2.0 kg), and turkeys (1 day−14 months old, 60 g −12.7 kg) were searched systematically using PubMed, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and ScienceDirect for data collection in 2019 and 2020. Relevant data were extracted from the literature with mean and standard deviation (SD) being calculated and compiled in tables of relative organ weights (% of body weight) and relative blood flows (% of cardiac output). Trends of organ or tissue weight growth during different life stages were calculated when sufficient data were available. These compiled data sets facilitate future PBPK model development and applications, especially in estimating chemical residue concentrations in edible tissues to calculate food safety withdrawal intervals for poultry.

Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in food‐producing animals. Part III: Sheep and goat

“…The increasing development and application of PBPK modeling in the food safety area requires a standardized repository of physiological parameters in food‐producing animals. The present manuscript and our recently published manuscripts in other species (Lin et al., 2020 ; Wang et al., 2020 ) provide a timely resource to address this scientific need.…”

“…This study also identifies data gaps in this area, such as blood flow fractions to different organs in goats, providing a direction for future studies. This manuscript and our recently reported review articles on physiological parameters in cattle, swine, chickens and turkeys (Lin et al., 2020 ; Wang et al., 2020 ) together provide a centralized repository for physiological parameters needed to develop PBPK models in common food animal species, which is anticipated to accelerate the development of this field. A strength of this combined database is that all parameters were extracted and calculated using a consistent approach which should minimize errors when extrapolating across species.…”

“…In conclusion, this manuscript reports a compiled summary on PBPK‐related physiological parameter values in sheep and goats. This manuscript and our recently published manuscripts on physiological parameters in cattle, swine (Lin et al., 2020 ), chickens, and turkeys (Wang et al., 2020 ) provide a comprehensive reference database to facilitate the development of standardized PBPK models for drugs and environmental chemicals in these common food animal species. These data provide a basis to create virtual animal populations for incorporation into commercial software programs or web‐based interactive PBPK model interfaces for rapid development and application to estimate chemical tissue residues and withdrawal intervals.…”

“…The methods on the literature search strategy, literature inclusion/exclusion criteria, data digitalization, standardization, and analysis, as well as the equations used in the calculation are the same as the methods described in detail in Parts I and II of this manuscript series (Lin et al., 2020 ; Wang et al., 2020 ). Readers are referred to these earlier publications for detailed methodology.…”

“…In terms of food animals, our group recently completed a comprehensive review on physiological parameters of body weight, organ/tissue weights, cardiac output, regional blood flow, and hematocrit in different species, including cattle, swine, chickens, turkeys, sheep, and goats. The manuscript describing the compiled data in cattle and swine has been published (Lin et al., 2020 ); the manuscript describing data in chickens and turkeys is under review (Wang et al., 2020 ); the present manuscript is the final part of this series and focuses on sheep and goats. The data are presented in the format of mean and standard deviation ( SD ) so that they can directly be used to characterize the variability of each physiological parameter and to create stochastic population PBPK models.…”