“…Backward walking in a water environment has been shown to reduce nearly a 20% the speed (Chevutschi, Alberty, Lensel, Pardessus, & Thevenon, 2009;Carneiro et al, 2012) and a 6% the step length and to increase a 11% the frequency (Masumoto et al, 2009) and 61% the knee, ankle and hip joint angles (Carneiro et al, 2012) compared to forward walking. In the analysis of a gait cycle, stride duration, support phase (Barela & Duarte, 2008;Orselli & Duarte, 2011), stride length (Barela & Duarte, 2008;Masumoto, Hamada, Tomonaga, Kodama, & Hotta, 2012;Masumoto, Shono, Hotta, & Fujishima, 2008;Orselli & Duarte, 2011) and the knee, ankle and hip angles (Carneiro et al, 2012) were lower on land than in water (mean decreased of 11% for stride length, of 60.7% for stride duration, of 4% for support phase duration and of 57.3% for joint angles) whilst the speed was a 34% greater (Chevutschi et al, 2009;Barela & Duarte, 2008;Barela et al, 2006;Carneiro et al, 2012).…”