Physicochemical Characterization of Bilayer Hybrid Nanocellulose-Collagen as a Potential Wound Dressing

Abstract

The eminent aim for advance wound management is to provide a great impact on the quality of life. Therefore, an excellent strategy for an ideal wound dressing is being developed that eliminates certain drawbacks while promoting tissue regeneration for the prevention of bacterial invasion. The aim of this study is to develop a bilayer hybrid biomatrix of natural origin for wound dressing. The bilayer hybrid bioscaffold was fabricated by the combination of ovine tendon collagen type I and palm tree-based nanocellulose. The fabricated biomatrix was then post-cross-linked with 0.1% (w/v) genipin (GNP). The physical characteristics were evaluated based on the microstructure, pore size, porosity, and water uptake capacity followed by degradation behaviour and mechanical strength. Chemical analysis was performed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results demonstrated a uniform interconnected porous structure with optimal pore size ranging between 90 and 140 μm, acceptable porosity (>70%), and highwater uptake capacity (>1500%). The biodegradation rate of the fabricated biomatrix was extended to 22 days. Further analysis with EDX identified the main elements of the bioscaffold, which contains carbon (C) 50.28%, nitrogen (N) 18.78%, and oxygen (O) 30.94% based on the atomic percentage. FTIR reported the functional groups of collagen type I (amide A: 3302 cm−1, amide B: 2926 cm−1, amide I: 1631 cm−1, amide II: 1547 cm−1, and amide III: 1237 cm−1) and nanocellulose (pyranose ring), thus confirming the presence of collagen and nanocellulose in the bilayer hybrid scaffold. The XRD demonstrated a smooth wavy wavelength that is consistent with the amorphous material and less crystallinity. The combination of nanocellulose with collagen demonstrated a positive effect with an increase of Young’s modulus. In conclusion, the fabricated bilayer hybrid bioscaffold demonstrated optimum physicochemical and mechanical properties that are suitable for skin wound dressing.

Effects of chitosan-collagen dressing on wound healing in vitro and in vivo assays

“…But there is no ideal wound dressing in the clinic now. Many new dressings are studied like the chitosan-calcium alginate dressing, 4 chitosan-vaseline gauze dressing, 5 chitosan-nano dressing, 3 lignin-chitosan-PVA composite hydrogel, 6 nanocellulose-collagen dressing 7 and so on. But each has own fatal flaws and are not widely used.…”

Oxygenated‐bacterial‐cellulose nanofibers with hydrogel, antimicrobial, and controlled oxygen release properties for rapid wound healing

“…There are many reports on the porosity percentage; for instance, the electrospun polycaprolactone/gelatine nanofibrous scaffold exhibited 83% porosity 37 . Similarly, Ooi et al, exhibited that the bilayer hybrid nanocellulose‐colagen with the acceptable 70% porosity can be used as a suitable wound dressing 36 . The polylactide/polyvinilalcohol bioscaffold showed porosity between 68% and 94% as an acceptable range for wound 39 .…”

“…Furthermore, high porosity is considered as an effective and important parameter due to providing a suitable environment for better exchange of nutrients between cells and improving cellular metabolism and cell growth 34,35 . According to previous reports, porosity between 60% and 90% is the appropriate range for wound healing materials which can provide a large area for cell growth and cell distribution 36–38 . There are many reports on the porosity percentage; for instance, the electrospun polycaprolactone/gelatine nanofibrous scaffold exhibited 83% porosity 37 .…”

“…In this study, the porosity was calculated around 60% which is close to the ideal wound dressing requirement. This is due to the cellulosic structure of the samples with increasing the nanocellulose in the scaffold, the porosity, and pore size reduced 36,39 . It should be noted that water retention after swelling equilibrium is a feature of small pores that provides the necessary and continuous moisture for the wound as a necessities factor for a proper wound dressing 39…”

Wound Healing with Electrical Stimulation Technologies: A Review

“…The fabrication of biopolymers such as silk, gelatin, collagen, nanocellulose, chitosan, PVA, and PVP in the wound care context is well-established with high values of biodegradability, renewability, environment-friendliness, non-cytotoxicity, good mechanical strength, low cost, and easy reproducibility [105][106][107]. On the one hand, natural polymers have been proven to be good candidates as skin scaffolds in wound healing since they mimic the components of extracellular matrix [108].…”